Race biases in face recognition

Abstract The objective of determining the amount of face consciousness among people from the same races and those from different races is an interesting field of study. It has been discovered that most people are not able to distinguish the difference between two people who are of different racial backgrounds from theirs.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Race biases in face recognition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is even more difficult if the person encounters both groups of these people at different intervals in the society. People of the same race are also believed to have the same habits and so, it is a common occurrence when people are judged based on their perceived racial backgrounds. Introduction Race bias in face recognition is a common issue among many people from all walks of life. For most people, it is always easy for them to identify the faces of people from their own races than from other races. The result of this has always been a misidentification which most of the times leads to incrimination of people who are innocent. People who have never interacted with other races experience difficulties in distinguishing the difference existing between people of the same race that they do not constitute. This is different when identifying people from their own race as they are able to tell the difference. One of the most important research questions in relation to this subject is whether the difference in visual signals is extorted from the same race, and other race facial characteristic. According to the research carried out by Bothwell and his colleagues (1989) a conclusion was drawn that â€Å"the image processing system is less sensitive to spatial relations between features in other-race faces than in the same race faces† (20). This conjecture is proved by the comparison of recognition capacity in faces that are upright and the ones which are inverted. The effect of face inversion is a deficiency in the roots ability and a reduction in the cognitive capacity of the observer or participant in the experiment.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Methodology The first step in this case, is to determine the sample over which the assessment will be carried out. This involves the selection of twenty people belonging to different races. A fifty – fifty difference in gender will be employed to make the outcome of the experiment more convincing and useful. The stimuli should consist of passport photographs taken from the front. They should have the black and white shade and categorized according to gender. The person preparing this test should ensure that none of these people has unique physical characteristics such as long hair, different style of clothing or even eye glasses. The other recommendation is that half of this population should consis t of one race and the other half the other race under consideration. Visual basic software is then used to describe these images to the people participating in the experiment. Seated at approximately one meter from the screen of the computer, the participants are requested to carefully examine the images. These are displayed randomly at an interval of about three seconds. A constraint is created such that three consecutive images should not for people from the same race. After a specific period of just running the images on the screen, the other half of the images that had been presented are displayed before the participants. The participants are not aware that the images being displayed are different from the previous ones and so they are asked to select a yes if they are able to recognize a face and a no if they had never seen it before. The results are rated on 7 point scale and finally the participants fill out forms describing their racial backgrounds including the racial chara cteristics of the community they grew up around. From the experiment, the following graph was plotted. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Race biases in face recognition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion Form the graph above, it was clearly identified that first, the students were able to identify the aligned faces better than the misaligned ones. The rate of acceptance was however, higher amongst people of the same race in the aligned case. As for the misaligned faces, the rate of acceptance was lower in other races than in the individual race. The participants were able to recognize the people behind the images of the misaligned faces better when the person was from their racial background. People who grew up in neighborhoods with different races were able to recognize the person behind the images more accurately irrespective of their racial affiliations. This owe to the fact that they have interacted with people from many races to the extent that they can tell even in the event of the misaligned faces. Many researchers have suggested that people from different racial backgrounds have physical features and facial expressions that resemble. The conclusion drawn from the whole experiment is that, the amalgamated effects on the faces of the sample population were experienced more with the same race image compared other race faces, and the substance of this process of mis-aligning the faces demonstrate how the relations between people of the same race are more stimuli related. According to Yin (1968) â€Å"these findings provide direct evidence that the representations underlying the holistic facial recognition are coarsely defined, being able to accommodate two faces of a different race to a certain extent† (141). He goes on to explain that â€Å"these representations are considered specific to the extent that the whole procedure is more significant for faces with which one has considerable visual experiences referred to as same race or SR faces† (141). Besides that this mindset scholar made an assumption that â€Å"individuals in diverse society’s records that people of other races resemble exclusively in facial characteristics† (142).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is one of the reasons contributing to the problem of racial discrimination. The characteristics of most people are judged basing on the racial community they originate. As a result, most people have been complaining that they are being treated unfairly owing to the generalization of their racial characteristics. Blacks in the United States for example, are believed to be hooligans and as a result of this, a large percentage of them are jailed despite them being innocent. The best example of this is the case presented by Bothwell and his colleagues. A white woman was raped by a black man, and when this lady was given photos of the people who matched her description, she picked the wrong person. After ten years, this lady came up and revealed that all the people in the pictures resembled and so she just picked up any one of them. This is what race biases in face recognition entail. An understanding of this issue is important as it will prevent a recurrent of such cases. According to the results obtained from this experiment, the subjects or participants seem to be more precise on the when identifying the misaligned faces compared to the aligned ones. The interaction amongst the members of the same race, the race of the faces used as samples and the alignments showed a high level of importance as indicated by the projections. Another conclusion assessed from these projections is that the combined effect was more pronounced in the case of the misaligned faces more than the aligned faces. Most of the participants were able to identify the images based on the top part of the face. There is no significant difference in the results obtained when the faces are aligned for the races in question. Conclusion This experiment can suggest that most people identify members of their races when their faces are aligned. Most of them could not tell the difference while observing the lower part of the faces in the misaligned faces while a majority of them were able to make ap propriate judgments from the top part of the faces. Conclusions drawn from this experiment, and many others related to it is that â€Å"other-race effect is brought about by early categorization of race at the expense of individual characteristics† (Yin, 1968). The moment an individual is perceived to belong to a particular racial background; other traits they control become irrelevant as their identity is judged from this. Reference List Bothwell, R.K., Brigham, J.C., Malpass, R.S. (1989). â€Å"Cross-racial identiï ¬ cation†. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 19–25. Yin, R. K. (1968). â€Å"Looking at upside-down faces†. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 141-145. This report on Race biases in face recognition was written and submitted by user Lexi House to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Legacy of World Civilizations essays

Legacy of World Civilizations essays The great geographical discoveries of the 15th and 16th centuries inaugurated the ascension of Europe as the catalyst behind the development of the modern world, helped spread Christianity on a global scale and led to the formation of the first colonial empires, namely those of Spain and Portugal. Between 1450 and 1550 several naval expeditions were organized at the orders of the kings of Spain and Portugal. These expeditions resulted in significant discoveries on the part of European explorers: America, central and south Africa, the shoreline of India, South-East Asia and the Far East. These expeditions were planned and organized efforts, based on strong resources of human energy and material support. The main incentives behind these discoveries were the spread of Christianity - by force where necessary, the need for gold, spices, silk and other precious resources that were not available in Spain or Portugal, as well as the search for glory and a spirit of adventure. Until the begi nning of the 17th century, the Portuguese and Castilian outward empires had no competitors in Europe. The 1800s saw the ascension of the Dutch and English colonies and later that of the French (Payne: Chp10). The 16th century saw Spain and Portugal competing for territories in the Americas. Nevertheless, it is important to note that their methods of exploration and conquest were very different; it is precisely these differences in their approaches that have shaped post-colonial world history. The thesis of this paper is to illustrate that although the Spanish colonial empire was very large as far as total surface, it was Portugal that represented the greatest naval power with world-wide long-lasting impact. The Hispanic peoples were the most prepared for expansion thanks to their politics of reconquest that had driven them to think in terms of warfare and crusading always attempting to push the boundaries of Latin Christendom in their search for gl...

Case analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case analysis - Essay Example The NFL proposed a squad player salary of $ 1,000 per week. The union, however, insisted that the club owners give squad players benefits and protections similar to those provided regular players. After negotiations on the issue of developmental squad salaries reached an impasse, the NFL unilaterally implemented the developmental squad program by distributing to the clubs a uniform contract that embodied the terms of the program and the $ 1,000 proposed weekly salary. In 1990, 235 squad players brought suit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia against the NFL and its member clubs, in which suit it was claimed that the employers' agreement to pay the squad players a $ 1,000 weekly salary violated the Sherman Act (15 USCS 1 et seq.). The District Court dismissed the petitioner's complaint. Thus, the case was brought to the Court of Appeals, which upheld the decision of the lower court. Petitioner then elevated the case to the Supreme Court on a writ of certiorari. A. The Supreme Court on certiorari said that the nonstatutory labor exemption shields from federal antitrust attack an agreement among several employers bargaining together to implement, after a collective bargaining impasse, the terms of the employers' last best good-faith wage offer. C. B. With respect to the application of the nonstatutory labor exemption to multiemployer collective bargaining, there was no basis for distinguishing football players from other organized workers. C. Stevens, J., expressed the view that neither the policies underlying the labor and antitrust statutory schemes, nor the purpose of the nonstatutory exemption, provided a justification for exempting from antitrust scrutiny collective action initiated by employers to depress wages below the level that would be produced in a free market. REACTION TO THE CASE The antitrust exemption applies to the employer conduct at issue here, which took place during and immediately after a collective-bargaining negotiation; grew out of, and was a directly related to, the lawful operation of the bargaining process; involved a matter that the parties were required to negotiate collectively; and concerned only the parties to the collective-bargaining relationship. The Court's holding is not intended to insulate from antitrust review every joint imposition of terms by employers, for an employer agreement could be sufficiently distant in time and in circumstances from the bargaining process that a rule permitting antitrust intervention would not significantly interfere with that process. The Court need not decide in this case

Internship Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Internship Report - Assignment Example It facilitated me to gain valuable insights about me, my community and various aspects related with the community in the most positive and effective way: Communication and Team work: The exposure to the real situation familiarized me in enhancing my communication capability and it also facilitated in increasing my competencies of working within the team as a team member. Problem Solving: The community internship enabled me to understand all the community associated needs and facilitated me to transform community actions by working together based on the knowledge, strengths and capabilities of the individual involved in the voluntary service. In relation to my learning and growth through the involvement in the community internship, the learning material consisting of lectures have facilitated in answering many of the questions such as why I was engaged in the community internship and what degree of insights and knowledge are required by me to effectively perform the requisite tasks of internship. It also facilitated me to make valuable judgment regarding my personal and professional capabilities. Before the inception of this course, I was apprehensive but every staff in Red Cross supported me and made me feel at ease and facilitated me to easily acquaint with it. The module 3 and module 4 significantly aided me rigorous understanding of the community and its various aspects. I also created a poster which reveals the mission statement of Red Cross service as well as the poster depicts the purposes of the activities that they are engaged in. The poster depicts the pictures that familiarize with stressful life of disabled people as well. My engagement in the community internship delivered me valuable insights about the changing community environment. While dealing with the changing community environment, it required me to be flexible enough to consider

Effectiveness of United Nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Effectiveness of United Nations - Essay Example The effectiveness of United Nations in the War against Terror was pivotal as far the out breaking of a wider conflict is concerned, but its role as a free global organization was widely questioned because of American influence on the Security Council’s resolutions. Apart from the diplomatic pressures exercised on the member states to achieve unanimity of stance against an enemy quite vague and unknown until nine-eleven, the war against terror and al Qaeda was instigated at quite large scale. The Afghanistan was declared as the chief suspect of the al Qaeda and its leadership hideout and safe heaven. However, today after about ten years of all-out efforts to eliminate al Qaeda and terrorism, which are more often than not taken as synonyms, the war against terror could not meet a successful end. Thus, has raised several questions on the effectiveness of Security Council’s resolutions for the use of power in the region. This is what official US reports suggests, â€Å"By early 2011, senior leaders, including the Commander of NATO’s International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), General David Petraeus, were pointing to discrete progress on the ground, though noting that such progress was still â€Å"fragile and reversible†.The war against terror despite its enormous support from member states in the Security Council has challenged the effectiveness of UN to avoid such a prolonged war. The worst side of this crisis is the absence of a declared result and measureable success in terms of international peace, security and stability.  ... United Nations has tackled raging and roaring national sentiments and channelized them to achieve the objectives of global peace and security to some extend if not to a desirable level. The effectiveness of United Nations in the War against Terror was pivotal as far the out breaking of a wider conflict is concerned, but its role as a free global organization was widely questioned because of American influence on the Security Council’s resolutions. Apart from the diplomatic pressures exercised on the member states to achieve unanimity of stance against an enemy quite vague and unknown until nine-eleven, the war against terror and al Qaeda was instigated at quite large scale. The Afghanistan was declared as the chief suspect of the al Qaeda and its leadership hideout and safe heaven. However, today after about ten years of all-out efforts to eliminate al Qaeda and terrorism, which are more often than not taken as synonyms, the war against terror could not meet a successful end. Thus, has raised several questions on the effectiveness of Security Council’s resolutions for the use of power in the region. This is what official US reports suggests, â€Å"By early 2011, senior leaders, including the Commander of NATO’s International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), General David Petraeus, were pointing to discrete progress on the ground, though noting that such progress was still â€Å"fragile and reversible†.† (Dale, 2011). The war against terror despite its enormous support from member states in the Security Council has challenged the effectiveness of UN to avoid such a prolonged war. The worst side of this crisis is the absence of a declared result and measureable success in terms of international peace, security and stability. The proclaimed

A Reflective Account Of The Impact Of Psychosocial And Cultural Issues Nursing Essay

A Reflective Account Of The Impact Of Psychosocial And Cultural Issues Nursing Essay For the purpose of this assignment, I have used Gibbs reflective cycle to reflect on the impact of psychosocial and cultural issues affecting decision making in dietetic practice. For many decades, psychosocial and cultural factors have been researched and recognised as important determinants, which can have serious impact on health and eating behaviour . In this reflective piece, I have focused on how these factors have the potential to contribute to malnutrition in the elderly. As a consequence, it is imperative that dietitians are able to recognise these issues and consider how they may impact on the negotiated advice (REF). My subject was a 79 year old lady who had been referred to the dietetic clinic for advice on nutritional support. She had experienced an unintentional weight loss of ten kilograms (kg) over the course of two years, since her husband had passed away. Her drastic weight loss had become a serious concern for her, which led to her referral by her general practitioner (GP). Description (What happened) During the consultation, the patient explained that she had lost three kg in one month, which is when she started worrying as she noticed how loose her clothes had become. I examined her food diary and asked a series of questions to find out what she may have been doing differently to account for the weight loss. She reported her food portions had not changed and that she was eating more in order to gain weight. She seemed to be having a varied diet, although at her last visit to her GP at the beginning of the year, she was informed that she had impaired fasting glucose (IFG). She had therefore decreased her intake of sugary foods as she was afraid of becoming diabetic. Another major event that had occurred more recently was that she had moved to a smaller place which was more suitable for her since she was now on her own. Feelings (What were you thinking/feeling) When she mentioned she was now a widow, I sympathised with her and immediately thought this was the reason for her weight loss. Further questioning revealed that she had battled with loneliness following the loss of her husband of 55 years. . Several psychosocial factors emerged from this initial part of the consultation, which can be regarded as pressures felt by the patient . The first two included bereavement, which is classified as one of lifes stresses, and the state of depression, which she may have endured following this traumatic event .. A significant attribute of bereavement and depression is appetite loss, which is also accountable for high mortality rates in the first six months of the loss of a loved one. In this case, she no longer had anyone to appreciate her cooking efforts and the deprivation of companionship at mealtimes becomes a reminder of her loss. A time intended for communication, joy and bonding had become a painful experience, leading to lack of interest in any activity related to food or eating. The reduced enjoyment of the social aspect of mealtimes had made eating more of a chore . It is important to remember eating as a social variable and recognise that it is part of our self and social identity, which also makes it a cultural variable. It is a structured part of ones everyday life and a valued social activity for most married people. Food habits developed throughout life are an important component of culture and strongly influences food decisions. Therefore, the stress of bereavement has the power to alter the social, psychological and cultural significance of food during this difficult time . These issues were sensitively addressed in the consultation. The patient reported that the support of her son had helped her through the grieving process and that she had accepted the loss and was moving on. Other social determinants which impact eating behaviour include access to food, and ability to cook food and share meals with others . The patient reported she was doing her own weekly shopping and that she had started consuming more ready-meals as she still struggled cooking just for herself. Therefore, she only cooked when her son and family came to visit at the weekend . I suggested joining a social club in the area where they regularly meet for lunch and other social gatherings, which could help improve her moral , but she was reluctant to do so. She explained that she suffered from urinary incontinence and found it embarrassing having to urinate so frequently when around people. I thought it would be ideal if she could have that kind of social interaction as it can have a great impact on appetite and meal size. Meal ambiance which incorporates factors such as acquaintance, conversation and pleasantness, have been shown to improve levels of ingestion and is an important stimulus modulated to help stimulate appetite in places such as nursing homes . The mechanisms by which a person is affected by social support varies depending on the individual, however, the potential support that can be provided from social structures has been shown to aid in maintaining nutrition in certain elderly people . Relocation and change of environment can also yield negative outcomes in terms of psychosocial disturbances such as, confusion, anxiety, depression and loneliness associated with transferring from one place to another and leaving behind treasured memories or souvenirs of a loved . Two months prior, she moved to a smaller house, which had been a very stressful time for her. She had settled into the place but she reported having had a hard time adjusting. This is an area I should have explored. For example, had she made any friends in the surroundings or whether she was still able to meet her old friends, was she getting familiar with the new neighbourhood she was in, were there any safety issues that needed addressing which we could help support her with, and so forth. These issues would have a heavy impact on her intake and weight if they were causing her anxiety or depression . Financial constraint is another psychosocial factor to consider when giving dietary advice, as unaffordability affects intake . The patient reported she drove to do her weekly shopping from a reputable supplier in town. According to her food diary, she did not appear to be restricting herself. However, as research suggests, misreporting of food diaries is common where patients try to present themselves more favourably . Decline in cognitive function is Another psychosocial issue I had to consider was the food anxiety which had been created following the IFG test. Her GP had told her she was in the pre-diabetic stage and so she had eliminated most fruit and all high sugar foods from her diet as she was worried about becoming diabetic. The burden of disease caused her to change the way she felt about certain foods . She was now anxious about eating any foods with sugar. I explained that she did not have to exclude sugar from her diet completely. This in turn created confusion as my advice was conflicting that of her GPs. I explained about glucose absorption and that she could add sugar to her puddings, cereal and so forth, which would slow down absorption of the sugar and help with better blood glucose control but to still avoid pure forms of sugar e.g. sweets. She was relieved to discover that and it seemed to make her happier that she could relax her diet. From there is an exploration of psychobehavioral models of appetite, and address issues of depression, bereavement, and social interaction before examination of personality and anxiety disorders. These issues are then considered as related to cognition and memory. Cultural factors: access to appropriate foods Communication Attitude, values, beliefs, behaviours shared by society/population Psychosocial factors: Attitude Peer pressure Cultural, religious and regional factors: cultural origins, religious background, beliefs and traditions of culture and race, geographical region. DeCultural factors Food habits are a component of culture that make an important contribution to the food decisions consumers make Food habits are seen as the culturally standardized set of behaviors in regard to food manifested by individuals who have been reared within a given cultural tradition. Although some view culture and food habits as static and unchanging, it is now recognized that they are continually changing as they adapt to travel, immigration, and the socioeconomic environment (Jerome, 1982; Lowenberg et al., 1974; Senauer et al., 1991; Kittler and Sucher, 1995). When modifying food intakes to meet dietary recommendations there are certain aspects of food habits that are difficult to change, such as the concept of meals, meal patterns, the number of meals eaten in a day, when to eat what during the day, how food is acquired and prepared, the etiquette of eating and what is considered edible as food. (Lowenberg et al., 1974; Kittler and Sucher, 1995). Food is always used to satisfy hunger and to meet nutritional needs. Food is used to promote family unity when members eat together. It can denote ethnic, regional and national identity. It is used socially to develop friendships, provide hospitality, as a gift, and as an important part of holidays, celebrations and special family occasions. In religious rituals and beliefs certain foods have specific symbolic meanings, or there may be prohibited foods or food taboos. Food can be used to show status or prestige, make one feel secure, express feelings and emotions, and to relieve tension, stress or boredom. Food controls the behavior of others when used as reward, punishment or as a political tool in protests and hunger strikes. Evaluation (What was good and bad about the experience) Why decided to go down that route? Behavioural change model Analysis (What sense can you make of the situation) Conclusion (What else could you have done) Action plan (If it arose again what would you do) What have I learnt from this experience What was the outcome of this experience

Medieval Europe †Papal Reformation Essay

Since the Council of Nicaea called in the fourth century by Constantine to the early eleventh century, the Church was never established as a free standing institution. For over eight hundred years the Church had been under the authority of secular powers. Charlemagne and the Carolingians emperors saw themselves as the ones to maintain the Church materially, organizationally, and spiritually, while the pope was only an example of ideal Christian living. Social deterioration led to the corruption of the Church and its offices; simony being the biggest problem. The papacy itself was corrupted by simony and Roman politics. While reform had been taking place in the local levels for some time, the papacy was the last part of the Church to be reformed. The papacy reformation came about through three major popes: Leo IX (1049-1054), Nicholas II (1059-1061), and Gregory VII (1073-1085). The actions by these popes in the eleventh century would root out the corruption within the church and caus e conflict between the secular authorities and the papacy resulting in the separation and establishing of the Church as a power on its own. After numerous corrupt popes, Leo IX is considered to be the pope that started the papacy reformation. Ironically, he was appointed pope by his cousin Emperor Henry III. After being coroneted, Leo spent less than six months in Rome traveling through Italy, Germany, France, and as far as Hungary ( Blum, 485). According to Backman, â€Å"Leo recognized two things from the very start: first, the papacy could not be properly reformed so long as it remained mired in Roman factional politics; and second, the papacy needed to be seen by the faithful in order to secure the gains of the reform† (Backman, 268). Leo was literally the first pope to be seen by most Christians (Backman, 268), and he wanted to â€Å"project an image of the papacy in action† (Blum, 485). For a long time the title of pope was just a name without any meaning or power; however, Leo would change that with his travels. Leo’s great accomplishments were abolishing simony, help ending the practice of cl erical marriage, and improving the clergies training and education. Pope Leo IX, through his travels had plans of establishing his authority while also rooting out corruption still in local churches. â€Å"Leo staged large-scale Masses, pronounced Peace and Truce decrees, and offered all the faithful the opportunity to air grievances about their local church and ecclesiastical leaders† (Backman, 269). Clergy that had obtained their position by way of simony were given the chance to retain their office only if the confessed their faults and swore publicly to dedicate themselves to the reformed Church. According to Backman these acts were performed in public for two reasons: First, the people themselves got to hear the confession of their clergy, and second, the pope got the pleasure of having the faithful see the priest, bishops, and archbishops kneeling before Leo, in other words, used the reform-celebration itself as a means for establishing papal authority over the episcopacy. Henceforth, everyone understood that the bishops served as the legitimate leaders of the Church because the Holy Father himself had publically bestowed their office upon them. The papacy now stood at the head of a new hierarchy and determined its legitimacy. 269 The last major contributing act Leo had towards the reformation was the creation of the College of Cardinals. Leo saw that the Church was not intellectually able to deal with issue it was faced with. He created a body of advisors for the papacy that included theologians, lawyers, philosophers, historians, scientists, and diplomats. These handpicked advisors would lend expert council to the pope on settling and resolving doctrinal issues never really solved by the Church. One of the issues they dealt with was celibacy for the clergy; this would not be settled until Pope Nicholas II. The papacy was now the decision making center on doctrinal issues for the Church. Leo IX was a major turning point for the Church, but unfortunately he would not finish what he started. The next pope to further the papal reformation was Nicholas II. Pope Nicholas II built upon what Leo IX had already done. Nicholas and a council produced the Lateran synod of April 1059. The synod ended clerical marriage and established clergy celibacy. It also added to the strict prevention of simony. Also with the synod, Nicholas and the council made two major decisions that would shape the papacy up until today. The first of these decisions was to condemn the practice of lay investiture. â€Å"The ritual by which a lay prince â€Å"invested† a priest or bishop with the insignia of his office suggested that the ecclesiastical authority was subordinate to the secular† (Backman, 270). The papacy now condemned this seeing as the reforming popes were trying to establish the Church as an entity on its own. The Church wanted to control everything about itself and completely cut off any secular ties trying to control it. The second major decision Nicholas and the council made was mad in the Papal Election Decree of 1059. This was to ensure no pope could ever be placed in power by a secular ruler but only elected by the College of Cardinals. Backman describes it as this: †¦for all eternity the only way for any individual to become the legitimate pontiff of the Holy Catholic Church was to be freely elected to the position by the College of Cardinals. This decree removed the Holy See from the clutched of the Roman magnates, but it also declared the papacy’s independence from the imperial power. 270 These actions changed the state’s authority over the church that had been present since Constantine. When Henry IV came to power in 1056, he did not like the actions taken by the Church and trying to separate from his authority. The tension between the papacy and secular powers came to a high during the pontificate of Pope Gregory VII. Now Gregory VII had begun his career in Rome during the pontificate of Leo IX as Leo’s â€Å"‘secretary of state’ and author of his important papers† (Blum, 485). So Gregory had been around since the beginning of the papal reformation. His actions and policies would lead to the biggest conflict between the Church and State during this reformation. After dealing with carious rebellions, Henry IV’s resent meant lead him to prepare to attack Rome and deal with the papacy’s action. Henry wanted to show that he had supremacy and was the ruler of both Church and State. Before Henry could attack, Gregory responded with a declaration called the Dictatus Papae. This was a list of twenty-seven single sentence decrees about papal power. Gaudemet defines them as, â€Å"lapidary and unrestrained terms the universal power of the pope; his authority over bishops, clerics and councils, and his right to depose the emperor, to certify every canonical text, to make law and to deliver judgment from which there is no appeal† (Gaudemet, 470). Gregory was trying to establish that he alone, as the pope, had complete supremacy over both Church and the emperor. Henry took these Dictates as a direct attack on his royal rights and power. This led to both Gregory and Henry writing letters back and forth to each other with increasing t ensions with each letter. These letters led to both of them excommunicating and deposing the other from office at the end of 1076. The excommunicating of each other would lead to a major event in establishing supremacy to the pope. Gregory, being the pope, was still head of the Church, and Henry found himself still excommunicated. Henry and his advisor devised a plan to get him forgiven and restored into the Church. Being the pope meant that Gregory was a priest, and he would have to forgive a penitent sinner. Gregory was caught off guard at his castle in Canossa, Italy by Henry’s arrival and asking of forgiveness. This had made Gregory furious, but he had to forgive him. Gregory used this to his advantage, showing that he had supremacy over the emperor. Gregory made Henry stand outside his window barefoot wearing penitential rags for three days begging for forgiveness and pleading for restoration. While this move by Henry helped him with his enemies and restored him back into the Church, this move also hurt him. This move now shifted the supremacy towards the pope. The emperor was now seen as submissive to the pope and had to do what the pope said. While more conflicts happened between Gregory VII and Henry IV, the investiture struggle would not end with them. It was officially ended in 1122 with Henry IV’s son, Henry the V, and Pope Calixtus II (1119-1124) with the Concordat of Worms. This allowed ecclesiastical appointment to be made by the Church alone but also allowed secular rulers to participate with the lands and appurtenances supplementary to the positions. The issue of papal supremacy over imperial supremacy was circumvented, only to erupt again in centuries later. While Urban II (1088-1099) was able to finalize the reform of the Church during his pontificate, it wasn’t really until the end of the twelfth century that the Church reform came to a conclusion. Gregory VII and the popes following openly proclaimed the Church’s supremacy and sovereignty over the secular world. They had not only made the Church a standing institution on its own, but they had reversed the historical roles of the Church and State. Since the time of Gregory VII, the papacy had become a massive bureaucracy. The Church now had an ostentatious financial machinery, judicial system, bureaucratic structure, police network, and standing army. The Church was now its own free standing institution and would eventually become its own sovereign city-state.

Language Arts Essay

This topic will provide students with an interactive method of learning numeracy, literacy, inquiry and responsibility within the environment in which we live (Rice & Wilson, 1999). It gives ample leeway for creating lessons within the subject areas of Science, Mathematics, Language Arts, and Social Studies. Such a unit will make students aware of the place and role of trees in the environment. It will also enhance their knowledge of the structure and function of trees as living things. Students will also understand how humans depend on trees in the environment and also how the activities of humans have adversely affected the environment in the past. Finally, it will make students aware of how their individual actions toward trees can improve the state of the environment. Overall Expectations: 1. Students will learn how trees grow. 2. Students will learn the uses that humans have for trees. 3. Students will explore what humans and trees have in common. 4. Students will learn size and texture comparisons from parts of trees. 5. Students will learn how to count using tree limbs, leaves, and other tree parts. 6. Students will learn numeracy and estimation by exploring how many more limbs are possessed by one tree over another. 7. Students will learn vocabulary and how to construct sentences about trees. 8. Students will learn about forests and how they have been harmed by humans in the past Specific Expectations Integrated Science Students will be expected to make connections between trees and the things in their lives made from trees. They will be expected to be able to tell the facts about trees. Such prompts will be given to allow them to name such characteristics as size, colour, and the different parts of a tree that they are familiar with. Student will also be expected to learn observation and note-taking skills as part of the scientific process. Mathematics Students should be able to demonstrate their knowledge of counting objects and of the fact that one number represents on object via counting branches, leaves, and other parts of trees. They are also expected to be able to perform arithmetic operations of adding and subtracting using tree icons as computational tools. Students are also expected to learn (or reinforce knowledge of) descriptors such as larger, longer, bigger, taller, thinner, and other comparisons. Language Arts Students are expected to learn vocabulary connected with trees and to recognize them as sight words. They are expected to make connections between trees, their parts, animals and humans, and should be able to construct simple sentences that explain facts about them. Students should also be able to recognize and properly use comparative adjectives such as tall and taller, thin and thinner, long and longer, etc. Specific Expectations Students will be expected to be able to understand the interactions of humans and animals with trees. They should be able to name such things that they have seen in trees, such as birds nests and squirrels. They will then be expected to understand whether trees are alive or dead and required to say why they have answered in a specific way.

Free Essays on Becoming A Firefighter

Becoming a Firefighter Being a Firefighter is a very prestigious career that requires many years of training. â€Å"Firefighters are the people who protect lives and property from death or destruction by fire† and they must be able to respond immediately for any type of emergency (Bridges Internet). They are usually the first ones to the scene of an accident or other crisis and every firefighter has his or her own responsibilities that they must perform in order to successfully clear the area of any calamity that might have arisen. Although there is extensive training and fairly low salaries, becoming a firefighter is a well sought after career because of its job security and opportunity to serve the community. The minimum requirements to be accepted as a firefighter are a high school diploma, being twenty-one years of age and being in good physical condition. These are just the minimum requirements and most cities will only accept a person with some post-secondary education because it shows the fire department that you can study and learn. Volunteer work and first aid training is also a must for anyone who would like to get involved with the fire department (Bridges Internet). To be accepted into the fire department, a person must pass extensive written exams, tests of strength, physical stamina, coordination and agility along with a strict medical examination. The students who receive the highest marks in any of the tests have the best chances for acceptance. Once accepted, a â€Å"rookie† firefighter must train for several months at the departments training facilities. (Chao, Elaine 342) At the facilities and wearing turnout gear â€Å"students set up and climb ladders, hook up hoses, rescue dummy victims, cut holes in roofs, and use ventilating fans and other tools. Most fire departments have a building they can set on fire over and over again so students can practice fighting real fires.† (Ruth, Maria 13) Teamwork is... Free Essays on Becoming A Firefighter Free Essays on Becoming A Firefighter Becoming a Firefighter Being a Firefighter is a very prestigious career that requires many years of training. â€Å"Firefighters are the people who protect lives and property from death or destruction by fire† and they must be able to respond immediately for any type of emergency (Bridges Internet). They are usually the first ones to the scene of an accident or other crisis and every firefighter has his or her own responsibilities that they must perform in order to successfully clear the area of any calamity that might have arisen. Although there is extensive training and fairly low salaries, becoming a firefighter is a well sought after career because of its job security and opportunity to serve the community. The minimum requirements to be accepted as a firefighter are a high school diploma, being twenty-one years of age and being in good physical condition. These are just the minimum requirements and most cities will only accept a person with some post-secondary education because it shows the fire department that you can study and learn. Volunteer work and first aid training is also a must for anyone who would like to get involved with the fire department (Bridges Internet). To be accepted into the fire department, a person must pass extensive written exams, tests of strength, physical stamina, coordination and agility along with a strict medical examination. The students who receive the highest marks in any of the tests have the best chances for acceptance. Once accepted, a â€Å"rookie† firefighter must train for several months at the departments training facilities. (Chao, Elaine 342) At the facilities and wearing turnout gear â€Å"students set up and climb ladders, hook up hoses, rescue dummy victims, cut holes in roofs, and use ventilating fans and other tools. Most fire departments have a building they can set on fire over and over again so students can practice fighting real fires.† (Ruth, Maria 13) Teamwork is...

Essential Tips to Complete a Hooking Sociology Personal Statement

Essential Tips to Complete a Hooking Sociology Personal Statement Essential Tips to Complete a Hooking Sociology Personal Statement Sociology is the study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society. It is a fascinating area of study that is becoming increasingly popular making it increasingly difficult to secure a course place on the most highly-valued courses. One of the ways in which courses such as Sociology differentiate between the numerous candidates competing for the available courses places is through the use of a personal statement. Getting good grades is still very important, but a personal statement gives the assessors insights into the candidates beyond what a set of grades can tell you. In this article, we will look at what should be included in a Sociology Personal Statement, and we’ll give you some examples of how to ensure that your Sociology Personal Statement stands out from the crowd and helps you secure a place in the course to which you aspire. What Is a Sociology Personal Statement This is a written description of yourself, detailing your skills and experience, why you wish to study sociology, and why you have applied to this specific course. How to Write a Sociology Personal Statement When you are writing your personal statement, it is important that you are original. It is great to get some advice and assistance to complete the task, but you need to avoid simply copying someone else’s personal statement. Your personal statement needs to be authentic. It needs to be about you. It needs to accurately reflect who you are and what you believe. By being authentic, you will have a greater chance of securing the course place you are applying for. If you have simply copied someone else’s statement, then you will sound the same as everyone else and will not stand out from the crowd. Your personal statement should include the three following key aspects: What makes you think that sociology is the right career for you? What makes you think that this specific course is the right course for you? What skills and experience do you have that make you a good candidate for this course? Testing Your Sociology Personal Statement Make sure you get someone you trust to read your personal statement and give you some honest and constructive criticism. Friends and family are good, but ideally, this should be someone from your professional network who will have an understanding of what a high-quality personal statement should achieve. It is also important to get your sociology personal statement professionally proofread. There is nothing worse than messing up your application chances simply because of a few simple grammar or typographical errors. It is not easy to write a compelling personal statement, but it is a skill that will stand you in good stead. Start practicing that skill, draft up a personal statement and keep working at it. If you have a core draft that you are confident with, then you can tailor and adapt it depending on the institution that you are applying to. Your sociology personal statement could be the first step to the career that you have always dreamed about.

Business Ethic 4 questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Ethic 4 questions - Assignment Example The other stakeholders would be the company itself and the society. The company will benefit from the profit drawn by the product in the market and the society will be adversely and positive affected from the benefits or drawbacks of the product. 3) The alternative decisions could be either to spend more money on R & D to make it safer before releasing it in the market. The other decisions could be to tell people about the fact that the product will not be able to work under extreme conditions. The last alternative could be to stop the production of the product citing it unsafe for the consumers. 4) Stopping the production of hazardous products falls under the category of rule based ethics because the motivation of the company to stop the production is safety of the people that the company values. Similarly, spending more money on R & D falls under consequentialism because the fairness of the action depends on its outcome only. R&D would make the product better and will increase its

Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Interview - Essay Example One of her first jobs is to work at a call center of a cellular phone company. She made $9 per hour then. She worked graveyard shifts, and she complained that the schedule and target goals were very stressful and exhausting. After only three months, she decided to shift to becoming a pre-school teacher. She finished BS Mathematics and she enjoyed it. But she realized that she wanted to also become a pre-school teacher. For the next three years, she took Early Childhood and Education programs. After she finished the programs, she applied for a public school in our community and she got hired. Right now, she is still a pre-school teacher and loving her job. She makes around $30,000 every year. She is now pursuing her MA in Early Childhood Education. Teachers are not superheroes; they are human beings with likes and dislikes in this world. She said that as a girl, their family had two dogs, three cats, two rabbits, and two hamsters. The most special pet for her was Britney, their white cat with blue eyes and bunny tail. She is special, because she seems to be aware of her limits as a pet. Janice said: â€Å"Brit is the sweetest cat ever, and she never pounces on food, unless it is given to her. And you can just feel that she loves you so much, when she brushes on your legs.† Like other people, Janice tries to avoid some things, but she ends up doing them. She said that some of the things that she is doing that she said she would never do are eating another slice of chocolate cake, and spending more time playing CastleVille than originally planned. She admitted being â€Å"partially addicted† to both. Janice stresses that she hates long lines, traffic, and young people who disrespect their parents. Some of the best things that Janice loves about her life right now are that she can do anything she wants, because she is still single and she does not have to be encumbered with the responsibilities of being a