IT Planning at Modmeters Essay

Introduction This paper discusses the various aspects of IT planning at Modmeters Company which has two strategies of expanding globally and providing direct-to-customer sales. The role of IT is important in the expansion initiatives of Modmeters. The executives of various departments held a meeting to identify the budget requirements for the expansion. The plan is to establish new plants in Asia and Eastern Europe where the infrastructure facilities are not sufficient required for the operations at Modemeters. Brian Smith, CIO of Modmeters is worried about these two initiatives as the IT funding was very poor. The company has never invested in reengineering the existing systems, instead, they always introduced new systems on top of the other. John Johnson, CEO wanted to change the name of the company as MM for this updated strategy. The current budget levels at the company are not going support the expansion initiatives. Surprisingly, only 2% of the revenue was allocated to IT. According to Brian, 80% of the IT budget was fixed for running the existing systems and fixing errors. The remaining 20% was allotted based on ROI, where majority of the budget was used by manufacturing department, Human resources and marketing departments having minor share. Brian believed that this kind of budgeting is not effective for their new business strategies (McKeen & Smith, 2012). Brian explains the need to implement flexible systems to support the updated strategies. He stresses on the budget requirements to buy new infrastructure and problems with the existing systems. The systems are not integrated and use different terminologies in different divisions. IT needs investment for infrastructure, underlying processes and to manage the information. However, the outcomes of the budget meeting after having a long discussion were to prioritize the IT projects depending up on their contribution to the key objectives of the company and also how each of them is adding value to the Modmeters. To develop the direct-to-customer sales, the marketing department needs more investment to get the resources. Hence, to implement the new strategic  initiatives at Modemeters, the budget allocated to IT and marketing plays a key role. Recommendations An IT planning process needs to be developed to meet the demands of the new projects. First of all, the IT architecture has to be changed such that the systems are flexible to use. All the divisions should use similar terminology to manage the information and communicate with other divisions. A data dictionary need to be developed to address the terminology issues. IT should be involved in decision making at Modmeters. An enterprise architecture need to be developed to get the best out of IT. Though, I accept that IT projects should be measured in terms of ROI, the current situation at Modmeters is different. The systems are never reengineered and the communication between the systems look like a spaghetti, where failure of each system may lead to a complete failure. There is a need to invest on improving the architecture considering long term advantages of the investment. The IT and business should have a common goals and objectives in developing the existing business. The needs of the manufacturing, marketing, R&D and HR need to be understood and allocate the budget accordingly. Identify the core competencies of IT and a cost-benefit analysis should be made for the projects. The business employees’ opinions should be taken in using technologies. The key business staff needs to be identified and made account managers. They should present their findings to the top management so that, the governance body can look for interoperability of the systems. In the IT vision, guiding principles should be developed which links the business strategies. Meanwhile, existing business requirements and operations should be addressed as a continuous process. A departmental approach should be taken while prioritizing the projects. This approach focuses on improving the business by expanding globally, enabling direct-to-customer sales, satisfying Stan’s auditing needs, making use of existing projects and improving the infrastructure. Account managers should analyze how the proposed project would benefit their respective departments. The IT and business people should work closely while developing strategies. A SWOT analysis should be made while developing the plan. IT should be given enough budget and team work is essential to implement new strategies. The people need to be trained by allocating budget required to HR department.  The resources should be used effectively for the global expansion. A centralized IT structure is essential for Modmeters to share the information between the divisions. Fred, VP of manufacturing should understand the value of IT. At Modmeters, business needs should be understood by IT to deliver the best technology meanwhile, business people should provide necessary funding to IT. Apart from the ROI, Customer satisfaction, greater efficiency, product quality, cash savings and other intangible benefits need to be considered while assessing the business value of a project (Ferris, 2012). The marketing department funding needs to be increased. It is important to enable smooth transition while expanding and change should be managed carefully to be successful. Also, the policies and procedures in the IT plan should comply with the regulations. To conclude, IT and business collaboration is important in strategic IT planning. IT value should be understood by business and business needs should be understood by IT. At Modmeters, reengineering the existing systems, taking a departmental approach, satisfying the departmental needs and funding sufficiently will help to implement the two strategic initiatives. References Mckeen, J. D., & Smith, H. (2012). Delivering Value with IT (2nd ed). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Ferris, B. (2012, June 12). How to Measure the Business Value of a Project. Retrieved February 17, 2015, from http://cobaltpm.com/measuring-business-value-of-a-project/

Difference Between Korea and America

Recently Weston-McEwen High School has added a new foreign-exchange student. Her name is Soyeong Lee and she is 16 years of age with a birth date of April 7th who came from Yongin, Korea which is an urban area and has a similar climate to Athena, Oregon. This decision was made because her school teacher and parents recommended Soyeong to expand her knowledge by experiencing the American culture.The main reason for the decision was her ambition to learn the language while being here in which she studied for years in Korea; she said,† I struggled with the language at first, but now that I’m here it is a lot easier. † Soyeong has made many friends while attending Weston-McEwen High School, and stated,† The students are very kind. † One of Soyeong’s scariest or weirdest memories here was having a dream where American people she met here spoke Korean.The Froese family chose Soyeong to be her hosts while she’s in America. There are many differen ces between the United States and Korea. Some of the biggest differences include: students in Korea attending school from eight in the morning to ten-o’clock at night, having almost no transportation except riding a lot of busses and taxis, teenagers not being able to drive until they are 20 years old, not being able to own a separate house (unless one is really wealthy) and living in apartments due to population.Soyeong said that the schooling is very different and is taken more seriously. They also have to wear school uniforms and are not allowed to dye their hair or wear make-up. Being away from Korea may sound better to Americans, but Soyeong misses the food, family, and friends as she stated, â€Å"The food here is saltier and greasy†. Obviously this is a huge change for Soyeong, but she likes it here too. Most public schools in the United States allow students to wear make-up and dye their hair.Koreans attend school seven more hours than Weston-McEwen High School and that is Soyeong’s favorite part about being here is having time to actually do activities. Soyeong’s main goal is to learn the full English language and make her understanding of the country better. Soyeong Lee will be attending Weston-McEwen High School until December of 2013 and plans on coming back as an adult to attend a private school in Los Angeles. We all hope your experience is great!

Motorola’s Global Strategy

? Short description of the case For years Motorola and was among the world’s most successful consumer electronics firms. The firm then controlled the emerging U. S. market for cellular telephones and pagers but, like many other firms at the time, was a bit complacent and not aggressively focused on competing with the Japanese. Motorola has remained the exception: Today it is one of the world leaders in mobile communication technology, including the manufacture of cellular telephones, paging devices, automotive semiconductors, and microchips used to operate devices other than computers. Japanese firms began to flood the U. S. market with low-priced, high-quality telephones and pagers. Motorola was shoved into the background. Motorola then decided to fight back and regain the firm’s lost market position. This fight involved a two-part strategy: First learn from the Japanese and then compete with them. To carry out these strategies, executives set a number of broad-based goals that essentially committed the firm to lowering costs, improving quality, and regaining lost market share. Managers were sent on missions worldwide, but especially to Japan, to learn how to compete better. Motorola also try to achieve Six Sigma quality – which is become main strategy of Motorola. By using this strategy, Motorola try to achieve a perfection rate of 99. 9997%. When Motorola actually achieved this level of quality, it received the prestigious Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. Motorola become success on its operations abroad, especially in Japan. It also generates over 56% of its revenues abroad. Problem identification of the case From the case, one of Motorola’s strategy in doing the business is expanse its business abroad. The firm then needs to concentrate on how to do its business abroad and what kind of strategies should be taken to achieve its goal. Motorola controlled the emerging U. S. market for cellular telephones and pagers. Motorola has also won many battles around the world in order to doing its business abroad. But, like many other firms at the time, was a bit complacent and not aggressively focused on competing with the Japanese. Motorola began to fall in its competition with Japanese. For that reason, Motorola have to find new strategies to win its battles, not only the competition with Japanese but also other countries that becomes Motorola’s target market. Formulation of problem solving In terms of finding the strategies to do the business, a company must first define its vision and mission. Economic success, indeed survival, is the result of identifying missions to satisfy a customer’s needs and wants. The organization’s mission defined as its purpose – what it will contribute to society. Mission statements provide boundaries and focus for organizations and the concept around which the firm can rally. The mission states the rationale for organization’s existence. Developing good strategy is difficult, but it is much easier if the mission has been well defined. Motorola also try to picture what their objectives to deal with the competition around Japanese and around the globe. Motorola’s fundamental objective is to attain total customer satisfaction. Others Motorola specific goals are to achieve competitive advantage by becoming the best in its class in terms of people, marketing, technology, product, manufacturing, and service, to increase global market share and to achieve superior financial results and improve shareholder value. Before arrived in the concept of strategies, a company should make an SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis consists of: Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Motorola also build its SWOT analysis based on the market experiences. Motorola’s SWOT analysis comprise of: 1. Strengths Motorola is one of the world's leading providers of wireless communications, semiconductors and advanced electronic systems, components and services. Motorola is an inventor of technology and has first-mover advantage. In the early 1980s, Motorola controlled the emerging U. S. arket for wireless communication devices such as cellular telephones, pagers and high-frequency radios. Motorola maintains sales, service and manufacturing facilities throughout the world, conducts business on six continents and employs more than 139,000 people worldwide. Motorola is strongly committed to delivering customer satisfaction, continuous improvement, and setting new standards of quality. 2. Weaknesses Motorola maintained old strategies in doing business, was conservative and unambitious. Motorola was complacent in its leadership position in the U. S. market, and failed to aggressively compete with the emerging Japanese firms. 3. Opportunities Motorola can compete and expand globally. Information and communications technology is fast-paced, with new discoveries happening every minute. Motorola can match this speed of discovery with new and innovative product and technology development. 4. Threats Japanese electronics firms are heavy competitors in terms of cost and quality leadership. Barriers to entry, supplier power, threats of substitutes, degree of rivalry, and buyer power. After defined its mission and made a SWOT analysis of the company, then the company can start to create its strategies to do the business. Strategy is an organization’s action plan to achieve the mission. Each functional area has a strategy for achieving its mission and for helping the organization reach the overall mission. These strategies exploit opportunities and strengths, neutralize threats, and avoid weaknesses. Firms achieve missions in three conceptual ways: (1) differentiation, (2) cost leadership, and (3) response. Each of the three strategies provides an opportunity for operations managers to achieve competitive advantage. Competitive advantage implies the creation of a system that has a unique advantage over competitors. The idea is to create customer value in an efficient and sustainable way. These conceptual ways then develop into competitive priorities. Competitive priorities consist of: Competing on Cost by lowering cost operation Competing on quality High-Performance Design Consistent Quality Competing on Speed (Time-bases Competition) Fast Delivery On-Time Delivery Development Speed for new product Competing on Flexibility Customization Volume flexibility Motorola’s global strategies The first thing that Motorola’s managers want to do to conquer the competition with Japan is involved a two-part strategy: First learn from the Japanese and then compete with them. Managers were sent on missions worldwide, but especially to Japan, to learn how to compete better. The sending of the managers was divided into three categories, first, plant visit and study of successful Japanese firms such as Toshiba and Hitachi, second, study Motorola’s own Japanese operations to learn more fully how it functioned, third, plant visit and study of U. S. est-practice companies such as General Electric. The lessons that the managers took from this investigation are first, Motorola should adopt and invest in employee education and training. Motorola should not only send employees to limited quality-enhancement training, but must recognize that employees need a broader form of education to ensure that they can initiate and implement effective quality planning and design, and th ereby meet company objectives. From a narrow emphasis on specific quality techniques, Motorola should focus on manufacturing-related education. Management should consider partnering with local schools and colleges in providing courses ranging from practical technical application, to business courses, to graduate work in computer-integrated manufacturing. Second, Motorola should implement a benchmarking program using American and Japanese best-practices. Motorola must know what levels of quality its products must achieve to top its competitors. Each of the firm's business units must implement benchmarking programs that analyze all aspects of a competitor's products to assess manufacturability, reliability, manufacturing cost, and performance. Motorola must also measure the products of other companies against its own standards to verify that whether its own products rank as best in their class. Third, Motorola should adopt the Defective-Parts-Per-Million (DPPM) approach to determine product reliability. From the lessons learned from the Japanese, Motorola should institute the Defective-Parts-Per-Million, or DPPM product reliability standard. DPPM can be defined as the average number of defects in an average production run multiplied by one million. From these lessons, Motorola take some key initiatives to achieve its objectives and to gain the competitive advantage. The key initiatives are: Six Sigma Quality Six sigma was pioneered by Bill Smith at Motorola in 1986; originally used as a metric for measuring defects for improving quality; a methodology to reduce defect levels ; 3. 4 Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO). Motorola divided six sigma into three levels, as a metric, as a methodology, and as a management system. Essentially, Six Sigma is all three at the same time. Total cycle time reduction Total cycle time is the time from when a Motorola customer places an order until it is delivered. In fact, in the case of new products, Motorola's cycle-time reduction is even more ambitious; the clock starts ticking the moment the product is conceived. This calls for an examination of the total system, including design, manufacturing, marketing, and administration. Product, Manufacturing and Environmental Leadership Motorola try to be the leader in all segments in order to win the battles of competing with its competitors and to emerge the market around the globe. Motorola try to achieve it by doing customization and put some innovation to its product. The flexibility in doing the business also applied in order to be the leader of the market. Profit Improvement The company has been implementing Six Sigma throughout the organization for over 15 years, extending the practice beyond manufacturing into transactional, support, and service functions. As a result, Motorola has documented over $16 billion in savings. Empowerment for all, in a Participative, Cooperative and Creative Workplace All levels of the company are involved in decision making process. Non-executive employees contribute directly through Motorola's Participative Management Program (PMP). Composed of employees who work in the same area or are assigned to achieve a specific aim, PMP teams meet often to assess progress toward meeting quality goals, to identify new initiatives, and to work on problems. To reward high-quality work, savings that stem from team recommendations are shared. Motorola also do the training as critical to increasing quality and productivity. Motorola’s strategy takes us to its competitive priorities. The primary business strategy of Motorola is six sigma. Motorola try to improve its product quality by reducing the defect levels of the product ; 3. Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO). The improvement of quality means that Motorola try to compete in quality among its competitors. Another strategy of Motorola is reducing its total cycle time. This strategy also supported by six sigma approach which is six sigma help to diminish unimportant variables in operations. By reducing its total cycle time, Motorola also try to compete on speed. R educing its total cycle time will affect its cost to operations. Furthermore, six sigma approach means try to achieve perfection of product quality. By eliminating the mistakes, it also reduces the costs to operations. By lowering its cost operation, Motorola also try to compete on cost. Motorola also try to compete on flexibility by customization and able to adapt with trends over the society. Motorola began customizing their Bandit pager in the early 1980s, to offer customers up to 29 million product combinations encompassing hardware and software configurations. Production was consolidated in one factory whereas before the project it had been divided among a number of facilities. Customers select their options and a salesperson enters the specification into a computer system. It is then transmitted to the company systems and on to the assembly process. The facility could accept orders for single pagers in any sequence. The finished product was then shipped to the customer. Conclusions In order to expanse its business, Motorola use its goal concept and SWOT analysis to define its business strategy to compete around the globe, especially Japanese. Motorola try to learn from the Japanese and then compete with them. From the lessons over the managers sending option, Motorola build its key initiatives in order to do its business. The primary key initiative which is its current strategy in competition around the globe is Six Sigma. Other key initiatives are total cycle time reduction, product, manufacturing and environmental leadership, profit improvement, empowerment for all, in a participative, cooperative and creative workplace. Answer the case problem 1. What are the components of Motorola’s international strategy? Answer: 1)Learning from the Japanese 2)Competing directly with them Six Sigma Quality Total Cycle Time Reduction Product, Manufacturing and Environmental Leadership Profit Improvement Empowerment for all, in a Participative, Cooperative and Creative Workplace The first thing that Motorola’s managers want to do to conquer the competition with Japan is involved a two-part strategy: First learn from the Japanese and then compete with them. Managers were sent on missions worldwide, but especially to Japan, to learn how to compete better. The sending of the managers was divided into three categories, first, plant visit and study of successful Japanese firms such as Toshiba and Hitachi, second, study Motorola’s own Japanese operations to learn more fully how it functioned, third, plant visit and study of U. S. best-practice companies such as General Electric. From these lessons, Motorola take some key initiatives to achieve its objectives and to gain the competitive advantage. The key initiatives are: Six Sigma Quality Six sigma was pioneered by Bill Smith at Motorola in 1986; originally used as a metric for measuring defects for improving quality; a methodology to reduce defect levels ; 3. 4 Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO). Motorola divided six sigma into three levels, as a metric, as a methodology, and as a management system. Essentially, Six Sigma is all three at the same time. Total cycle time reduction Total cycle time is the time from when a Motorola customer places an order until it is delivered. In fact, in the case of new products, Motorola's cycle-time reduction is even more ambitious; the clock starts ticking the moment the product is conceived. This calls for an examination of the total system, including design, manufacturing, marketing, and administration. Product, Manufacturing and Environmental Leadership Motorola try to be the leader in all segments in order to win the battles of competing with its competitors and to emerge the market around the globe. Motorola try to achieve it by doing customization and put some innovation to its product. The flexibility in doing the business also applied in order to be the leader of the market. Profit Improvement The company has been implementing Six Sigma throughout the organization for over 15 years, extending the practice beyond manufacturing into transactional, support, and service functions. As a result, Motorola has documented over $16 billion in savings. Empowerment for all, in a Participative, Cooperative and Creative Workplace All levels of the company are involved in decision making process. Non-executive employees contribute directly through Motorola's Participative Management Program (PMP). Composed of employees who work in the same area or are assigned to achieve a specific aim, PMP teams meet often to assess progress toward meeting quality goals, to identify new initiatives, and to work on problems. To reward high-quality work, savings that stem from team recommendations are shared. Motorola also do the training as critical to increasing quality and productivity. 2. Describe how Motorola might have arrived at its current strategy as a result of a SWOT analysis! Answer: Motorola controlled the emerging U. S. market for cellular telephones and pagers. Motorola has also won many battles around the world in order to doing its business abroad. But, like many other firms at the time, was a bit complacent and not aggressively focused on competing with the Japanese. Motorola began to fall in its competition with Japanese. Motorola first try to picture what their objectives to deal with the competition around Japanese and around the globe. Before arrived in the concept of strategies, a company made an SWOT analysis. From this SWOT analysis, Motorola tried to find a new way to regain the firm’s lost market position. The first thing that Motorola’s managers want to do to conquer the competition with Japan is involved a two-part strategy: First learn from the Japanese and then compete with them. Managers were sent on missions worldwide, but especially to Japan, to learn how to compete better. The sending of the managers was divided into three categories, first, plant visit and study of successful Japanese firms such as Toshiba and Hitachi, second, study Motorola’s own Japanese operations to learn more fully how it functioned, third, plant visit and study of U. S. best-practice companies such as General Electric. The lessons that the managers took from this investigation are Motorola should adopt and invest in employee education and training, Motorola should implement a benchmarking program using American and Japanese best-practices, and finally Motorola should adopt the Defective-Parts-Per-Million (DPPM) approach to determine product reliability. From these lessons, Motorola take some key initiatives to achieve its objectives and to gain the competitive advantage. The primary key initiative which is its current strategy in competition around the globe is Six Sigma. 3. Discuss Motorola’s primary business strategy! Answer: Motorola’s primary business strategy is Six Sigma. Six Sigma has evolved over the last two decades and so has its definition. Six Sigma has literal, conceptual, and practical definitions. Motorola think about Six Sigma at three different levels: As a metric The term â€Å"Sigma† is often used as a scale for levels of â€Å"goodness† or quality. Using this scale, â€Å"Six Sigma† equates to 3. 4 defects per one million opportunities (DPMO). Therefore, Six Sigma started as a defect reduction effort in manufacturing and was then applied to other business processes for the same purpose. To give such numbers meaning, the engineers at Motorola set up a scale to evaluate the quality of a process based on these defect calculations. At the top of the scale is Six Sigma, which equates to 3. 4 DPMO, or 99. 9997% defect-free. In other words, if a company have a process running at Six Sigma, the company almost eliminated all defects , it's nearly perfect. Of course, most processes don't run at Six Sigma. They run at Five Sigma, Four Sigma or worse. Here's the table that shows full scale to get an appreciation of the numbers involved: The process mean will vary each time a process is executed using different equipment, different personnel, different materials, etc. The observed variation in the process mean was  ± 1. 5 sigma. Motorola decided a design tolerance (specification width) of  ± 6 sigma was needed so that there will be only 3. 4 ppm defects — measurements outside the design tolerance. This was defined as Six Sigma quality. As a methodology As Six Sigma has evolved, there has been less emphasis on the literal definition of 3. 4 DPMO, or counting defects in products and processes. Six Sigma is a business improvement methodology that focuses an organization on: Understanding and managing customer requirements Aligning key business processes to achieve those requirements Utilizing rigorous data analysis to minimize variation in those processes Driving rapid and sustainable improvement to business processes At the heart of the methodology is the DMAIC model for process improvement. DMAIC is commonly used by Six Sigma project teams and is an acronym for: Define opportunity The purpose of this step is to obtain a precise definition of a problem or issue that requires attention. The key here is not to focus on the outcome (which is what most people generally do), but to concentrate company’s attention on the process that creates that outcome. This often requires detailed process mapping to be done so that all the stages in a process, how they link together and how they interrelate, are fully understood. Define opportunity consist of try to know he customer’s requirements, the team charter represents the business case for the project, define and build a process map that relates measurable internal processes to customer needs. Measure performance Once the problem and its potential causes are understood, the company can move on to detailed measurement of all the elements in the process and what influence they have on each other. During this step it is important to focus on the parts of the process that are critical to quality – the ones that can be shown to have the greatest impact on the process outcomes. This step may also require some benchmarking to find parts of your business, or perhaps other businesses these maybe competitors or organisations in other sectors) that manage this process better. Ideally the company will find the best there is to study and learn from. Analyze opportunity Having gathered all the necessary measurements the company can then analyze them to establish how well or poorly the process is working, it’s full detrimental impact on the organization, the opportunities for improvement and the benefits that would result if it were improved. This analysis will show the gap between what is being achieved and what could be achieved, where improvements might be made and whether the investment needed would be justified by the return. Improve performance The information gathered and analyzed in the previous steps will have pinpointed where the maximum returns are possible for the minimum investments. This is therefore where the efforts are focused to ensure that the process is improved in the precise areas and in the specific ways that will have the greatest impact on the outcomes. Control performance This step is needed to ensure that all gains made will remain as gains and will not be allowed to slip back. The purpose is to lock in your success through on-going monitoring and control processes that will guarantee no eversion to the previous, poor results. As a management system Through experience, Motorola has learned that disciplined use of metrics and application of the methodology is still not enough to drive desired breakthrough improvements and results that are sustainable over time. For greatest impact, Motorola ensures that process metrics and structured methodology are applied to improvement opportunities that are directly linked to the organizational strategy. When practiced as a management system, Six Sigma is a high performance system for executing business strategy. Six Sigma is a top-down solution to help organizations: Align their business strategy to critical improvement efforts Mobilize teams to attack high impact projects Accelerate improved business results Govern efforts to ensure improvements are sustained The Six Sigma Management System drives clarity around the business strategy and the metrics that most reflect success with that strategy. It provides the framework to prioritize resources for projects that will improve the metrics, and it leverages leaders who will manage the efforts for rapid, sustainable, and improved business results. References Heizer, Jay & Render, Barry, Operations Management, Eight Edition, The Prentice Hall, 2006. Pande, Peter S, Neuman, Robert P, & Cavanagh, Roland R, The Six Sigma Way: How GE, Motorola, and Other Top Companies are Honing Their Performance, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2000. Pyzdek, Thomas, The Six Sigma Project Planner: A Step-by-Step Guide to Leading a Six Sigma Project Through DMAIC, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2000. http://www. motorola. com/ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Motorola http://www. trizsigma. com/six. html http://www. brecker. com/six_sigma. htm

Ethical Issues Of Race In Medical Research Essay

Ethical Issues Of Race In Medical Research - Essay Example Many doctors believed that them to have a wild sexual expression, which was a danger to the white society. They were thought to be inferior to the white people on intellectual bases and were also alleged of being attracted towards white women. Furthermore, most doctors held the belief that immorality and family problems amongst the Negro community had made them more prone to diseases such as syphilis, and treating them was next to impossible. Also high rates of syphilis in the Negro community had led to an increase in crime and insanity, making them a threat to the other communities. These set of ideas, all relating to racial discrimination against the Negro community, played a significant role in letting the health authorities to make the rural syphilitic Negroes, a part of this study. Thus, the origin of this study was also driven by the racial discrimination of the health authorities against the African-American community. The Tuskegee Study was certainly packed with ethical issue s. It was a display of racism and injustice on part of the health authorities, who showed a complete lack of concern for the African-American community. It was a study carried under ghastly circumstances resulting in many patients dying from painful deaths. Initially, being planned for six months, the study was extended up to forty years and showed no signs of stopping, regardless the number of deaths. No protest was carried out, and no significant actions were taken against the immoral and perilous nature of the study.

Critical evaluation of financial markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Critical evaluation of financial markets - Essay Example As stated by Bolbol & Omran (2003) in their paper on stock market emergence in Arab countries, a change in the technology and output mix of the indigenous industries will require the stock markets to allocate the resources to the industries more efficiently. This is because stock market activities provide an effective way to check the performance of the new firms in the event of any opinion divergence in the manner it is managed. At present in the Arab countries there are stock exchanges in Egypt, Algeria, Jordan, Morocco, Lebanon, Tunisia, Sudan, Dubai, Bahrain Abu Dhabi, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. Among these countries it is said that the Arab stock markets are dominated by five countries in terms of active and large markets- Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Morocco and Tunisia. On 3 June 2006 a resolution was passed in Libya which paved the way for the creation of the Libyan stock market, set up as â€Å"Syarika Musahima† with capital strength of LD20 million split i nto 2 million shares of 10LD per share. The headquarters as per Article 2 of the resolution was decided to be Tripoli with main branch to be set up in Benghazi. Levine & Zervos (1996) used a dataset of 47 nations for the period 1976 to 1993 to highlight that the stock market liquidity is an important predictor of real per capita gross GDP growth, physical growth in capital and growth rate in productivity. This highlights the importance of the establishment of Libyan Stock Market for the authorities in Libya1 The banking system in the country comprises four major banks which are either fully owned or in majority ownership of the Libyan Central Bank. This list of banks includes Wahda bank, Jamahiriya Bank, Umma Bank, Sahara Bank and National Commercial Bank. These banks comprise nearly 90 percent of the assets related to the Libyan banking sector. All these banks have capital strength of minimum 100 million Libyan Dinars with the two of these banks on the verge of privatisation. The f inance availability in the local market is frugal. The Libyan banks provide limited number of financial products, loans are granted based on personal rapport and the managers of the public banks do not seem to have any incentives in portfolio expansion. Scarcity of financing is a major deterrent in local development impeding the completion of the projects and the initiation of new projects. Presently the banking system in the country is undergoing a modernisation program to improve the existing products or services, handling of non-performing assets, promotion of the use of payments in modes other than cash and establishment of new accounting standards2 Reforms in Libyan Financial Sector The Libyan government is jointly working with reputed international organisations to facilitate improved transparency in the financial sector, chalking out plans to bring in international credit rating agencies in the country to evaluate the domestic financial instruments and the recently

Descartes and hinduism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Descartes and hinduism - Essay Example Descartes illustrates the understanding that one thesis is core to the entire tradition that is everything behaved for the sake of certain goal. Descartes mechanistic view of the universe shows that events result from prior events as indicated in scientific theories of past events that are capable predicting future events. Moreover, he manages to show that there is dualism in interactions because mental states like beliefs and desires interact with physical states (Wall 215). In Hinduism, Self does not denote the personal self or rather the soul, which embodies and reincarnates but rather the spirit referred to as Atman. According to Wall (30) â€Å"Atman, the spirit of vision is never born and never dies†¦ never-born and eternal†¦. He does not die when the body dies†. Therefore, Atman is never a personal possession for anyone because it remains the one universal Self for all. Therefore, Atman is one often referred to as Brahman and entails the one endless consciousn ess in everything. Hindu scriptures continually show that Atman is Brahman and that a person’s Spirit is the Supreme Spirit; as well, the Self is the Supreme self. Atman illustrates that the manifested universe and everything material is an ultimate illusion when viewed from the high perspective and that Self remains a reality. Western: Descartes Descartes believes that he has to find some motive for doubting his prevailing views in order to search for strong basics for his understanding. Everything the meditator accepts as true he came to learn them from or through his senses and acknowledges that senses can deceive although with respect to small objects small or those far away because the sensory knowledge is quite sturdy. Meditation in Descartes is considered as setting the foundation where doubt is used as an influential tool and a foundation of modern skepticism. Reading the first meditation presents skeptical doubts as subject of study on their own and the idea remains that the uncertainties are not probable but a likelihood that is hard to rule out (Wall 215). Skepticism cuts through the core of the western approach and tries to offer certain groundwork of understanding and comprehending the world. On further consideration, the mediator is able to realize that even simple things can be doubted and finds it hard to keep habitual opinions and assumptions of the head. However, by doubting everything, Descartes believed he would at least be certain not to be deceived to untruth by demon (Wall 217). Considering the omnipotent God has the ability of making the conception of mathematics false. Descartes realizes that he is convinced that when dreaming he senses real objects and although present sensations may be images, he manages to indicate that even dream images result from waking experience similar to painting (Wall 215). Even when painters create imaginary creatures, the composite parts are drawn from real things and in case painters create an enti rely new thing, at least the colour within the painting is attached to real experience. Therefore, Descartes observes that even though it is possible for him to doubt combined things; he hardly doubts simple and common components from which compounds were constructed. Descartes also points out individuals can doubt studies based on composite things such as medicine, physics or even astronomy; however, Descartes

Explicit and Implicit Costs on Firms in an Efficient Informational Essay

Explicit and Implicit Costs on Firms in an Efficient Informational Environment - Essay Example Implicit costs are costs that are not directly paid for but measured in units of money. These costs are the costs of non purchased inputs which are not purchased in a market transaction but they have cash value. Implicit costs occur when a firm uses its capital, inventories or owner's resources. Goodwill is also a good example of implicit cost. The term of efficiency assumes an informational dimension here, which refers to productive efficiency that it high lights the development of informationally efficient finncial markets.In fact, these markets not only consist of the usual attributes of financial market- notably a large number of investors who have a interst of effective access in to the rich necessary information, but also the important additional assets that have ending points of well defined certain value. It is the most important question faced by economists todays to what extent firms incorporate their environmental information for achieving market efficiency. In this era of Information Technology, information is the key factor to evaluate a firm's stock price as well as its ultimate value.Investors, customers and all other stakeholders need all necessary information to take proper decision regarding investment, trading etc.So a firm should decide to disclose proper information to reach its ultimate goal. Part 02: Measuring a Firm's costs and its goal of Profit Maximization Measuring A Firm's Costs (Opportunity Costs): Economists consider the opportunity costs of all resources of a firm to calculate its costs whether they are paid or not. Opportunity cost is of any action is the highest valued alternative foregone. Opportunity cost of a firm is the value of the firm's best alternative use of resources. Opportunity costs includes both explicit and implicit costs, and it is known as economic cost which is our concern. So economic cost indicates to the value of all resources used to produce a good or service, whether the resources are paid or unpaid. Economic cost = Opportunity Cost= Explicit cost + Implicit Cost = Total cost of a Firm. We have discussed in the introductory part about explicit and implicit costs. Explicit cost is directly paid in money whereas implicit cost is the value of resources used even when no direct monetary payments are made to these resources. Implicit cost is incurred when a firm gives up an alternative action. For example, when a firm uses its own capital, and/or uses its' owner's resources, implicit costs are incurred. So there are two main aspects of a firm's implicit cost: i)The cost of a firm's own capital: If a firm

Managing people in team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing people in team - Essay Example Problem-solving skills are essential in this case since the team is made up of individuals with different views and interests thus bound to conflict. One question though that lingers on most organisations is how to manage a teams performance. Who should be credited for team’s success, is it the manager or the workers? This is an issue that has received considerable debate over the years. Adam Smith considered managers as ‘principle clerks’ thus assuming away any role for managers (Berri, Leeds, Leeds & Mondello, 2009). The workers were believed to be the ones contributing to success. Early researchers differentiated managers from entrepreneurs and viewed entrepreneurs as more active in ensuring productivity. However, recent studies have started acknowledging the role played by managers in improving productivity and ensuring workers are always motivated. Another crucial role is that of team leaders. These are entrusted with leading the group to success and as such have a big role to play in ensuring team effectiveness. The aim of this report is to evaluate the role of managers in overseeing performance as well as the importance of leadership role in team performance. This will entail interviewing managers of two organisations to find out their views on how they manage and lead their teams in eliciting excellent performance. Marks and Spencer is one of UK’s leading retailers of clothing, food, home products and financial services. It has an employee base of 78,000 employees in the UK and abroad and serves 21 million customers. It has more than 700 UK stores and a turnover of  £8 billion. It is committed to offering superior quality products to its customers at attractive prices (Corporate.marksandspencer.com, 2013). This is enhanced by its various teams which are headed by sectional managers as well as retail managers. Bluebird Garments is a textile company situated in the UK. It has a total of 2000 employees who are involved in

Defining Social Responsibility Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Defining Social Responsibility - Assignment Example An act of social responsibility that has influenced my life is the recycling of waste done by the waste-management department the area where I live. This not only reduces waste but also helps save money and resources. Having been raised in such an environment, this act of government has influenced me in a very positive way since I tend to produce minimal waste. The motivation behind it reflects my personal value of building a safe environment to promote better health of the society as well as other living beings. Social responsibility, as the name implies, is the responsibility of an agency, organization, individual, or entity toward the society for its prosperity, development, and well-being. An act of social responsibility that government can take is allowing religious freedom to people. â€Å"[R]eligious values are healthy for society, and that restoring them is the key to overcoming our current moral and social problems† (Wilson, 1991). Another example that supports my def inition of social responsibility is that doing something for others also enriches the life of the contributor (Loeb, 2010, p.

Computer think Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Computer think - Essay Example Actually, the majority current calculators are truly a kind of computers, with several pre-installed application programs to assist in solving complicated and difficult jobs. In addition, the computers have greatly influenced over lives. They have totally transformed the working practice of business domains. Moreover, they have brought revolution in mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Geography, Banking and various other disciplines of life (McGuigan and Wallace), (Norton) and (Shelly, Cashman and Vermaat). This paper presents a detailed overview of computers, their largest impact or influence on our thinking and our life. This paper will analyze some of the important aspects of computers throughout our life. This paper will also evaluate that how computer has enriched various walks of our life. Then I will present the impact of modern technology of computer in a community. An introduction to computers At the moment each particular individual is familiar with the term computer. Due to t heir massive utilization we are able to discover computer systems at all over our surroundings. Actually current world will be imperfect without computer systems as well as their utilization in various walks of life. It’s approximately impractical to yet visualize the recent benefits and services exclusive of the utilization of computer systems. A lot of persons might recognize that computer implies a PC, over which they are able to watch movies, play interesting games, organize staff records as well as handle every day planning, activities and development. However, this is only a simple fraction of computer expertise. Therefore, computer implies even more than a personal computer. In this scenario, a computer could be referred as a device which accepts data and instructions carry out processing and functions consequently. In addition, these controlled instructions are recognized as computer software and computer systems implement this software to perform a function. Moreover , during a specified instant of time, a group of instructions can be provided to a computer to execute a number of processes, all together (The Gemini Geek). Computer Technology Vs Calculators Similar to computer systems, another device known as calculator as well obtain data or instruction like an input and return back to the users in the form of useful information. However, a calculator is able to offer perform operations on a current and instant input simply. Therefore, computers can perform a collection of instructions simultaneously; consequently a computer system is able to work like a constant employee. In addition, computers give information for particular instructions using a determined way, thus there is no need to input a single data or instruction at a given instant of time. Moreover, an individual computer system is able to manipulate a variety of instructions all together. Due to this special trait, computer systems may show an ample impact and useful services and func tionalities like banking, transport, safety, management interaction etc (The Gemini Geek) Computer Utilities At the moment computers have been classified according to their capabilities. Considering their utilization and service function they could be divided into different kinds. In this scenario, the fastest computers available in the marketplace are known as

Chicano wedding customs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chicano wedding customs - Essay Example Sometimes, two rosaries are connected with a small loop and each rosary is placed around the neck of one partner. The meaning of the white lasso or the rosary is to represent the unity of the new family (Castro 243-249). Chinano weddings are characterized by presence of traditional as well as gospel music of Catholic Church. This is because Chinano customs are based on Catholic tradition. The music custom symbolizes the happiness of the wedding ceremony and the happiness of the marriage. However, the length at which the music festivals and parades are done depends on the social and financial wellbeing of the families that are wedding. For rich families, the music festivals may last for a week (Gaspar de Alba 73-80). Based on the fact that Chinano traditions are connected with Catholic beliefs, Chinano weddings are characterized by the statue of virgin Mary. Several statues are placed in different positions within the wedding arena. Again, the possible significance of the Virgin Mary statue is to represent the sanctity of the wedding and value of the marriage (Stacy

The Promotional Strategies of Smart and Globe Essay Example for Free

The Promotional Strategies of Smart and Globe Essay Starting from telegraphic and telephonic systems in the19th Century, the field of telephonic communication has now Expanded to make use of advanced technologies like GSM, CDMA and WLL to the great 3G Technology in mobile phones. Day by day, both the Public Players and the Private Players are Putting in their resources and efforts to improve the Telecommunication technology so as to give the maximum to Their customers. In business, it is important to use various and innovative promotional strategies to expand the demand of your product and to earn more consumers. It is one of the main things a business or a company must do to keep on working. There are 3 different ways to promote a product: to show information to consumers as well as others; to increase the demand; and change the product. Any use of those three is called the promotional strategy. Considering that competition in the business field is continuously growing, implementing efficient strategies through promoting products are indeed significant for all operators in any industry. Background of the Study Over the years since cellphones were widely used, various networking companies have succeeded in promoting their products to their subscribers. But up to this moment, only two networking companies have truly taken the top-spot of the networks – Smart and Globe Telecom – two of the most widely used networks today. The two networking companies have been using different strategies to promote their products, such as SIM cards for cellphones and Wireless Internet connectors for computers or laptops. SMART Telecommunications, being the largest mobile operator in the Philippines, is also the Internet service subsidiary of the  Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company  (PLDT) for over 45 million cellular subscribers (Smart Comm. 2010). Smart Communications, Inc. is the Philippines’ leading wireless services provider with 34. 2 million subscribers on its GSM network (Smart Comm. , 2008). Of its total subscriber base, 20. 9 million subscribers are served under the brands Smart Buddy, Smart Gold and Smart Infinity and another 13. 3 million subscribers are served through its subsidiary, Pilipino Telephone Corp. , under the brand Talk ‘N Text. SMART has built a reputation for innovation, having introduced world-first wireless data services, including mobile commerce services such as Smart Money, Smart Load and Smart Padala. SMART also offers a 3G service, Smart 3G. These actually help SMART attain a very versatile service for its subscribers. (www. smart. com. ph) On the other hand, Globe Telecom provides mobile, fixed line, and broadband Internet services. It is the second largest mobile operator in the Philippines, with 27 million customers second only to SMART and PLDT. It also provides various services like SIM networks and Wireless Internet connectors. The most effective way to attract and retain the value- conscious Philippine mobile customer was to spur action through time-limited marketing promotions† (Globe Telecom, 2009) Globe Telecom will start to offer 3G mobile services during Q2 2006. The operator will provide its next-generation services free of charge as part of a promotional campaign in select cities . As mobile growth continues at a steady pace in the Philippines there were 36mn subscribers at the end of 2005, representing penetration of about 43% we expect 3G services to be a key source of growth in the industry. With BMI forecasting mobile penetration rates to exceed 70% in 2009, there will be little room for further subscriber growth. Globe Telecom also recognized that the most effective way to attract and retain the value-conscious Philippine mobile customer was to spur action through time-limited marketing promotions. (www. telecomsinsight. com) They attained more production through time valuing and speed production, because they believe that being quick brings in more services! In such an environment, success comes to the fast, nimble and intelligent—de? ed by the ability to target market opportunities with tactical campaigns, monitor their effectiveness and ? ne tune them in short order. That’s exactly how Globe Telecom—the number two provider in the Philippines, with 27 million customers—is approaching the competitive challenge. Globe speci? cally recognized that the most effective way to attract and retain the value-conscious Philippine mobile customer was to spur action through time-limited marketing promotions—for example, reload HSDPA service with PHP30 and also get 24 hours unlimited SMS product. Call it opportunistic marketing in the extreme. (http://www-05. ibm. om/innovations) The main objective of this research is to assess the different promotional strategies of SMART and Globe Telecom Networks in the Philippines. The reasons that pushed the researchers to write about this topic is because one of the most widely used technologies today involve the use of networking, and the main providers of such networking use different promotional strategies to beat the competition. The researchers will provide adequate information about the processes and procedures of the networking companies and also the different perceptions of the respondents the researchers are going to interview. Objectives of the Study The research entitled â€Å"The Promotional Strategies of Smart and Globe as Perceived by the Selected Mass Comm Students of New Era University† has the following objectives: 1. What are the promotional strategies of Smart and Globe? 2. What benefits do respondents enjoy out of these promotional strategies? 3. How does Smart and Globe execute these promotional strategies? 4. What problems are experienced by the respondents on these promotional strategies? 5. What solutions are rewarded to help respondents when it comes to the problems on promotional strategies? Scope and Limitations The research titled â€Å"The Promotional Strategies of Smart and Globe as Perceived by the Selected Mass Comm Students of New Era University† includes the information of the respondents’ perceptions according to the survey that will be given, and also the information from the references used. The research will only limit its survey to 50 selected First Year Mass Comm Students of New Era University. Also, The Researchers did not include any other network companies besides Smart Comm. and Globe Telecomm. Significance of the Study The research entitled â€Å"The Promotional Strategies of Smart and Globe As Perceived by the Selected Mass Comm Students of New Era University† will be beneficial to the following: The students, or the teenagers, who are usually the most extensive users or subscribers of the said networks. Based on how they are the one that is easy to convince on the promos of Text or Call promos of the network companies. The general readers, who will get to know the promotional techniques of Globe and Smart. Especially on the marketing management of the telecom company to find out how they can improve more their innovative strategy on promoting or making promos on telecommunication industry. The network company of Smart and Globe Telecom, who will understand and observe in this study the convenience of the text/call promos they promote to their subscribers and on their preparedness on how they approach to the competition. Definition of Terms The definition of these terms will help the readers to better understand this research paper. a. Promotion is one of the four elements of  marketing mix  (product, price, promotion, and place). . Cellphones   is a device that can make and receive  telephone calls  over a  radio link  whilst moving around a wide geographic area. c. Strategy a word of  military  origin that refers to a  plan  of action designed to achieve a particular  goal. d. Innovative is the creation of better or more effective  products,  processes,à ‚  services,  technologies, or  ideas  that are accepted by  markets,governments, and  society. e. Network A  directory  of people maintained for their advancement f. Consumers someone who trades  money  for  goods  as an individual. g. Subscriber a person who  subscribes  to a  publication  or a  service h. SIM card a small,  removable  card  smaller than a  credit card  which stores  mobile phone  data  such as  contact  names  and  numbers,  SMSs  and  security  information i. Company An  entity  that  manufactures  or  sells  products  (also known as  goods), or provides  services  as a  commercial  venture; a corporation j. Fixed Line A  fixed  telephone  communications  cable. k. Operator A  telecommunications  facilitator  whose job is to establish temporary network connections. l. Subsidiary A  company  owned by the  parent company  or  holding company.

Scottish Traditions And Cultures

Scottish Traditions And Cultures This is my English assignment on Scotland. I am going to talk about the history of Scotland, the culture and traditions of Scotland and about the Sports in Scotland. The Culture and Sports are very close but I think they have to be explained a part. I hope you and myself learn from this assignment and have fun with reading. (As long you can have fun)The history of Scotland. The land that now forms Scotland was in the prehistory part of the continent that now forms North-America, so Scotland isnt really part of Europe but a part from Laurentia. During the last interglacial, around 130,000 and 70,000 BC, Europe was warmer than now and the Neanderthals found that there was a mild spell in Scotland around 40,000 BC so they settled in Scotland, but no traces of early humans have been found. After 40,000 BC Britain was torn apart by glaciers and Scotland wasnt inhabitable any more. After 9600 BC the ice retreated and Scotland could be inhabited again. In 8500 BC there were hunter-gatherers in Scotland and several settlements have been found and the first permanent settlements were found in around 3600 BC. In 2500 BC the Bronze Age entered Scotland and there has been found some hill forts from probably 900 BC which shows us that the people in Scotland were quite good in building settlements and monuments. Around 800 BC the Iron Age entered Scotland and till th e invasion of Roman Empire Scotland was a peaceful inhabited by Celtic tribes. This was a short summary of the prehistoric history of Scotland but no written records were found till the invasion of Scotland buy the Romans, now Im going to talk about the Roman Invasion of Scotland and what happened after that. England was invaded by Julius Caesar in 54 BC but Scotland fought more than 100 years later because Caesar couldnt get to Scotland. In AD 43 Britain was invaded again and they lost a few battles giving ground to the Romans. Agricola was the first one who attacked the people in Scotland itself and he got quite far but even though he had to let Scotland go after he didnt got re-elected for being the governor of Scotland. In 122 AD the Romans tried to protect themselves from the attacks of the Caledonians by the famous Hadrian wall. The Hadrian wall was started by governor Hadrian and ended six years later to protect them for the raiding tribes. The Romans tried to build a second wall to conquer more land called the Antonine wall but broke it off because it was unnecessary. When the Romans retreated from Britain in 407 AD Scotland of now was set in 4 parts with each part its own king and people. They were the Picts, the Scots, the Angolans and the Britons. In 563 AD Saint Columbanus, a monk, came to northern Scotland and Christianity spread rapidly. In 843 the Picts and the Scots united under king Kenneth MacAlpines reign in Alba (later Scotia). The weird thing was that the Picts just threw their culture away to take the Scots culture. The Angolans went south to England and the Britons lived in the lowlands and since 890 the Vikings lived in the western Isles and operated from there their attacks on Scotland. The next kings and queens were crowned on the stone of scone (stone of destiny) in scone. In 1034 under Duncan I his reign Scotland was united except the parts of the Vikings. In 1040 Duncan I was killed by Macbeth, who got beaten by Duncan I his son Ma lcolm III. In 1066 England was defeated by William the Conqueror and in the years after that, Malcolms son David I Scotland conquered a part of north England. After that till 1268 Scotland started to grow economically and culturally. In 1268 Alexander III died and with no follower than 3 year old Margaret, forced Scotland to crown Margaret as queen. In 1290 Margaret died and not less than 13 men said they had right at the throne. But Edward I of England called David I as king of Scotland. David I and France started an alliance against England. As response on this Scotland lost parts of the lowlands to England . In 1290 Robert I tried to recapture them and In 1320 Scotland was announced as independent country by Robert I but England didnt recognized this declaration till 1328. From 1371 till 1603 there were some conflicts with England and Scotland tried to increase their relation with France and it all happened under the reign of the Stuart family. The last Stuart king was Henry V wh o got the throne in 1603 but he made so much trouble with his lust for power that he had to flee to northern England, and caused a civil war in 1642. The civil war was won by Oliver Cromwell with his New Model Army. He called England, Ireland and Scotland as one republic without a monarchy. But in 1660 Cromwell was dead already and Charles II came on the throne. James VII followed him when he died but was set off by the parliament and Willem of Orange was called to be king of Britain with his wife Mary. James V fled to France but some of the Scottish were still faithful to James VII (the Jacobites). The Jacobites on 27 juli1968 Willems army lost a battle from the Jacobites. In 1702 Anne followed Willem as queen of Britain but the parliament was determined to keep the Stuarts of the queen. So they parliament went to Sophie of Hannover the granddaughter of James VII and they told Scotland if they accepted her they would get trading privileges. But England and Scotland had to reunite i n one parliament. In Scotland there were some riots but in 1707 the offer was accepted and Scotland wasnt a state anymore and had no parliament. Economically it was a good case for Scotland but there were still people especially highlanders who wanted the Stuarts as kings and queens. Charles Edward Stuart was a grandson of James VII and he started a war with his Jacobites against England in 1745. But in 1746 he got defeated after the battle of Culloden and had to flee to Italia. After this battle it was forbidden to wear any skirts, play bagpipes and the clans were not allowed to exist anymore. They switched from livestock-farming to sheep cultivation and potatoes were the most important food in the highlands. When the potato harvest went wrong loads of people went to America (not the VS) and the big cities for work and food. This was a period of grow in economics, literature and culture so Scotland changed in the 18th century from one of the poorest countries in Europe to a normal economically growing land. In 1999 many years later Scotland got its own parliament again. It counted 127 seats in the parliament these are the partys who got seats: 47 Scottish National Party, 46 Scottish Labour Party, 17 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, 16 Scottish Liberal Democrats, 2 Scottish Green Party, 1 independent

Business For the Glory of God | Book Review

Business For the Glory of God | Book Review For this assignment we are to read the book by W. Grudem, Business for the Glory of God: The Bibles Teaching on the Moral Goodness of Business. Mr. Grudem explores the Christian side of business which gives an elaborative explanation of what one might encounter. He clearly shows that in all the various aspects of business, which includes profit, ownership, money, lending, borrowing, and competition. Overall, the author clearly illustrates that people who work in the business world are generally made to feel guilty, because few people think instinctively of business as morally good in itself. (11). The main purpose of the book was to demonstrate that the various aspects of business activities are good and these good things will also bring glory to God. Book Review Business people are an imitation of Gods character by representing Him on earth through the approach of various business activities. Grudem reflects on each of the chapters categories, and clearly illustrates how each of the activities fall into these categories which represent a unique opportunity to bring Gods glory to the forefront: private ownership, productivity, employment, commercial transactions (selling and buying), profit, using money as means of exchange, producing inequalities in possessions, competition, borrowing and lending, and the reduction in the worlds poverty. In private ownership, this is where a person would imitate Gods sovereignty through the exercise of mankinds sovereignty over the creation. When a person cares for worldly possessions, Mr. Grudem makes an argument about people having the chance to imitate certain characteristics of God such as wisdom, knowledge, beauty, creativity, love for others, kindness, fairness, independence, freedom, exercise of will, blessedness (or joy), and so forth (20). When people have the desire to have their own things is not necessarily bad, but it is a representation of our overall desire to be ruler over things. The topic of private ownership also gives people the opportunity to do great things with their resources by sharing them with those who are in need so that others can see God in different ways. The word subdue in the book of Genesis implies to the greater good of human productivity. The main point to remember is that God expect for people to work hard at developing the world for Gods glory and for the sake of mankind. In reference to manufactured products, Mr. Grudem states, give us opportunity to praise God for anything we look at in the world around us (26). Typically, any item that is manufactured allows people to discover the wonders of Gods creation in the things that we have been able to make from the earth (27). When a person does productive work, this takes on the meaning of subduing the earth and it makes the resources of the earth useful for everyone. In reference to the rejections of Marxism, Mr. Grudem states, the Bible does not view it as evil for one person to hire another person and gain profit from that persons work (31). The Bible teaches us that employee to employer relationships are generally good and they are equally beneficial (Luke 3:14; 10:7; 1 Tim. 6:2). A relationship at the employment level can provide a context for mutual appreciation for the callings and pride of other people. The good of an employer can be easily seen by employees through hard work, and the opposite can be achieved from an employers perspective by issuing fair pay for a hard days work. Mr. Grudem made some observations about commercial transactions and he realized they has been a normal part of society since the very beginning (Lev. 25:14). The Bible teaches us that selling and buying are ethically right, because they both provided an opportunity for people to do great things for other people by providing the thing they need. People often imitat e God in places where they practice honesty, faithfulness to our commitments, fairness, and freedom of choice. (37). The use of money and profit are great, because they both entail that one has produced something beneficial to others who desire exchange. Not only is profit a clear indication that one is making efficient and great use of resources from God, but it also is encouraged in the teachings of Jesus Christ (Matt. 25:14-30). Money ultimately sets us apart from any animal kingdom, but in such a way as a tool, which makes voluntary exchanges more fair, less wasteful, and far more extensive (49). Money and profit can provide opportunities to glorify God by meeting our needs and those of others, providing charity, expanding our stewardship, and promoting the mission of the church throughout the world. Even though reading this book may seem as an unfamiliar language to most, Mr. Grudem illustrates how the inequality of possessions is fundamentally good and also pleasing to God. Passages in the Bible such as Luke 19:17, 19; 2 Corinthians 5:10 establish the fact of designed inequality, and many other passages from both the Old and the New Testaments. The author explains that inequalities are necessary in a world that requires a great variety of tasks to be done (52). In chapter 7, the author rejects arguments from a biblical perspective in favor of Christian communitarians, redistribution policies, and health and wealth teachings. The chapters about competition, borrowing and lending are basically a summary of the wealth producing topics. These chapters give an in-depth explanation about the good of competition, because it guides society in assigning jobs to those who are best suited for those jobs (62). In common business practices, competition can also decrease the prices of items over time, while in turn increasing the living standard for everyone. The author also notes that the Bible has no absolute prohibition on loans, but he also assumes them as a way of life. There have been many biblical discussions around loans, which focuses on the abuse and misuses of the process, not the actual establishment of the loan. There is a good rationale behind why charging interest is not only necessary for institutions jeopardizing the use of their money with others, but also how it can be reversed to help other people. Lastly, the goes on to discuss the necessity of moral goodness among the business people in an economy in order for things to operate more smoothly. This type of moral formation of a person would often lead to an overall greater respect for the dignity of mankind, and the increasing desire for their activities to bring not harm, but good to others while at the same time bringing glory to God. Mr. Grudem then goes on with an explanation at the very end of each chapter about how most business activities have great potential for misuse and wrongdoing because we live in a time occupied by entrepreneurs with a sinful nature. The sins of some people in business, however, should not make us assume all business activities are morally wrong. In my honest opinion, Mr. Grudem made great points about the abuses of business, and the ways in which we idolize success and money and become cordial by losing sight of the truth that everything belongs to God. The author continued to make comments throughout the course of the book on the concerns to balance the view, but the real wealth changing information comes from the fact that business practices can be glorifying to God. He also mentions in the text that we should not feel guilty about business, but we can take this as a stepping stone towards our common goals. The author explored the various topics that most business professionals have to deal with on a daily basis at work. He does an excellent explanation of the most common misconceptions about work and business, and then offers a way to look at everything from a different perspective. Mr. Grudem goes on to show how business is good and how it can be used to glorify God. Although this book was enjoyable and easy to read, this book was also very thought provoking and even life changing so to speak. I really could not find a bad point about the book and it was packed with plenty of insight about the moral nature of business. The thing I did not like was with his arguments, while most were very well written, are poorly supported with only a few bible verses and almost no logic whatsoever. In one section, he states that since Jesus gave laws on how employers should treat their employees, and God approves of hiring people and being an employer is good. On the other hand, he does not mention anything at all about the Sabbath, and this could cause someone to believe God also approves slavery. I honestly support keeping people gainfully employed, but some of the arguments in the book were lacking supporting facts. In conclusion, I truly enjoy reading this book and I would highly recommend it to any Christian who is working in the business world. I think the long term solution that the author proposes involves starting and maintaining a productive business organization. I think as these businesses are pursued to Gods glory, the positive effect of creating commerce and employment should also have a domino effect where the ability and the economic status of people should continue to prosper in ever-widening circles. Lastly, I feel this book does a great job of illustrating how everyday Christians can have a calling to business and in the midst of pursuing it; they can continue to glorify God, bless others and reflect His attributes. When it comes to money, work, finances and business, Ephesians 6:5-9 makes a great point when it states, Slaves, obey your earthly masters with deep respect and fear. Serve them sincerely as you would serve Christ. Try to please them all the time, not just when they are watching you. As slaves of Christ, do the will of God with all your heart. ; Work with enthusiasm, as though you were working for the Lord rather than for people. Remember that the Lord will reward each one of us for the good we do, whether we are slaves or free. Masters, treat your slaves in the same way. Dont threaten them; remember, you both have the same Master in heaven, and he has no favorites.

Four freedoms :: essays research papers

1 Four freedoms – January 6, 1941 freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear of armed aggression. 1. The first is freedom of speech and expression -- everywhere in the world. 2. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way -- everywhere in the world. 3. The third is freedom from want -- which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants -- everywhere in the world. 4. The fourth is freedom from fear -- which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor-- anywhere in the world. his Four Freedoms speech did promise America's "full support" for the Allied cause. On August 14, 1941, President Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill confirmed the Four Freedoms as joint war aims in the Atlantic Charter. Atlantic Charter (declaration of U.S. into the war and to fight Germany first, and Japan second) 1. At the Casablanca Conference, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met and agreed on the term of â€Å"unconditional surrender.† At the Tehran Conference, the Big Three (Wilson, Churchill, and Josef Stalin, leader of Russia) met and agreed that the Soviets and Allies would launch simultaneous attacks At the Potsdam Conference, the Allies issued an ultimatum: surrender or be destroyed II. Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal? 1. A final conference of the Big Three had taken place at Yalta in February 1945, where Soviet leader Joseph Stalin pledged that Poland should have a representative government with free elections, as would Bulgaria and Romania, but he broke those promises. 2. At Yalta, the Soviet Union had agreed to attack Japan three months after the fall of Germany, but by the time the Soviets entered the Pacific war, the U.

The Gifted One :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was a humid summer day in a small town in Florida called Panama City. Much like everyday there were kids running around shooting each other with water guns up and down the street, and kids frolicking in the various pools throughout the neighborhood but this day would change the life of a boy who lived there forever. This particular boy named Simon was very special, all his life he had been marked as someone very different and gifted. At a young age of 10 he had an IQ of over 170, which is extremely rare. So he was constantly being taken to various schools that were designed to facilitate this boy with studies that would challenge someone of such superior intellect. The story all begins when him and his father were at their poolside talking about a school that had offered him a full paid scholarship. Simon’s father wanted to have his son go to the best of everything even if it meant leaving his home where he had grown up at only 12 years of age. As most can imagine Simon was very reluctant about this idea he wanted to live at home near his friends and family. He did not want to go live in some far off place with people he didn’t even know. His father tried to reason with him he said, â€Å" 3 presidents have gone to this school and not even they had a full scholarship tossed into their lap.’ Simon replied, ‘ I will never leave home.’ His father filled with anger and frustration yelled back with harsh conviction, ‘ You will go to this school even if you don’t want to go because it is in your best interest.’ Simon became very upset and burst into tears he cried out once more that, ‘ I wi ll not leave my mother.’ His father once again rebutted saying. ‘ You will do as you are told.’ At that Simon with out even lifting his hand picked up his father smashed him against the concrete siding of the pool splitting his head and tossed him into the deep end of the pool. The blood oozing form his head turned the pool water into a deep crimson hue. Not aware that his mother was watching she ran outside and jumped into the blood-tainted water to try to save her husband, but it was to late.

Little Green Men Or Just Little Microscopic Organisms? :: essays research papers fc

Little Green Men or Just Little Microscopic Organisms? The question of life on Mars is a puzzle that has plagued many minds throughout the world. Life on Mars, though, is a reality. When you think of Martians, you think of little green men who are planning to invade Earth and destroy all human life, right? Well, some do and some do not. Though believing that there are little green men on Mars is just a fantasy, or is it? The kind of life that may have lived there is the kind you would never consider of giving the name "Martian" to. They are small organisms such as microbes or bacteria. Proof of this was found in a meteorite containing the fossils of the microscopic organisms intact. Two highly regarded chemistry professors from Stanford, Claude Maechling and Richard Zare, dissected three meteorites that were about 2 to 8 millimeters long and found trace elements of a big mumbo jumbo word— polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. That pretty much means that there once was a warmer climate and maybe even lakes or oceans. Life on Mars is now a real idea. The climate of Mars about 3.8 billion years ago was much similar to the young Earth. Microbes and bacteria probably sprouted everywhere in the warm and wet climate. Although now we only see a cold red planet, which was probably due to a collision of an astroid that would have set back the evolution process of Mars, causing it to be a harsh planet. A Viking spacecraft which landed on Mars in 1976 found that the planet was bathed in ultraviolet radiation, "intense enough so it would probably fry any microbe we know on this planet,"says Jack Farmer, an Ames researcher who calls himself an "exopaleontologist"—a searcher for fossils on other worlds. The redness of Mars is due to the chemical assault known as oxidation, which turns iron compounds into rust, and it would surely kill anything that sticks its head up. "So why do you still believe that there is life on Mars?" you say. Life on Mars is not located on the ultraviolet radiation oxidized surface. The microbes are found below it, probably located in the boiling hot springs, or in frozen time capsules. Life here on Earth are located in some strange places so why wouldn't the Martian microbes be found in strange places if they were trying to survive? Scientists have found bacteria here on Earth that were living inside rocks where they got all of their nourishment from the rocks and from some water. Martians probably do the same thing.

Cellular Phones: A Reliable Source In Society Today Essay

In today’s society it is hard to find someone who does not own a cell phone. It is almost like cell phones appeared over night, since we used to see nothing but rich guys in the 80’s carrying around large, chunky mobile phones to now where we have a variety assortment of smaller cell phones that we can choose from. Now a days, cell phones are used in just about every aspect of life, from work, to school, to emergencies, to browsing the web to get information, to playing games or just plain talking with a loved one, we use our cell phones. Some families have even gone strictly cellular and do not own a separate home phone. This is how popular cellular phones have become. Can one say that it is a form of technology that has enhanced our society? One would say â€Å"yes† it is. Just a few years ago, pagers were the thing to have, now with the advance technology of cellular phones, who needs pagers anymore? It has come to the point that now you will see a 10 year old with a cellular phone. Many parents feel better if their child has a phone to where they can reach them at any given point. However, is this really necessary? I mean, when I was 10, if I was not at home with my mom, I was either in school or over a relative’s house, nonetheless, my mother knew where I was at all times. This is just one example of how cell phones have become heavily relied upon in society. Let us explore how useful cellular phones have become and how we as a society rely upon their use each and every day. To begin let us go back into history of how cellular phones came about. According to Jamie Brown at Yahoo! Yahoo! Voices. Contributor Network, Cell Phone History: Technology and Innovation Over the Years. (January 12, 2009). Retrieved from: http://voices. yahoo. com/cell-phone-history-technology-innovation-over-2414208. html. â€Å"The very first cell phone was developed in April 1973 by Dr. Martin Cooper, a manager at Motorola, and a group of fellow inventors. Cooper called his competitor on the cell phone he had just invented. The technology was called AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service). It took ten more years for the first analog cell phone to be developed for commercial use by a company called Ameritech. As I have done my research on the use of cellular phones today, I have come to find that much of society have many uses for the cellular phones. Many own a Smartphone and some may be like me and still own a basic phone. Nonetheless, just to own a cellular phone is a plus, and you are looked at strange if you say you do not own one. As I was reading an article on CNN Tech, by Amy Gahran, October 22, 2010, she referred to her â€Å"aha! † moment when she realized how the significant cellular phones were back in spring of 2009. She told the story of when she was on the bus sitting across from an elderly gentlemen who looked homeless. When all of a sudden a cell phone rang, and the man reached into his pocket and pulled out a flip phone and commenced to having a conversation, confirming an appointment to get off the streets. Now just looking at this, I realized that there are many people out there who may not have a place live, actually living in shelters, but they will have a cell phone. When I asked my husband Michael how prevalent are cell phones in shelters (because he used to be in one through the Salvation Army back in 2010), he stated: â€Å"yes there were plenty of people in there who had cell phones, they had to have a way for people to get in contact with them. And you have to realize, there are so many government programs that issue out free cell phones, anyone could have one. † Now based on that fact alone, I realized that our society, really could not function properly without the use of cellular devices. Since their inception, technology has evolved to where we basically need the use of cellular devices, just to get by in our day to day lives. Thinking back when I was younger and wished I had a way to get in contact with my mom, about when to pick me up from school. Only way I could reach out to her was to call the house, not realizing if she was not at home she would not receive my message. Oh boy, how I wished we had the luxury of small mobile cellular devices back then, instead, we had the big bag mobile devices, that only those who could afford it carried them around. After further research, there are many who believe that cellular phones have been a very much needed and great asset to our society. According to Foram Mehta, on an article done on Buzzle website titled: How Cell Phones are Changing Our Society. They do break it down on how society has been using cellular devices and for what reasons.

Alcohol Addiction Essay

It is suit able-bodied increasingly troublesome to ignore the problem of dependance, which affects some exclusives, families and communities everyday. This prove is stillton to look at the preponderance of addiction in Scotland and what the sparing judicature argon proposing to do to get over the equipment casualty set turn upd by addiction. There atomic number 18 umteen some other stakeholders in the plan to halt Scotland a better place these atomic number 18 individuals themselves, friends, family, communities, local goernments and the National wellness Service. Every wiz is functional together to try and make Scotland a better and safer place to live.The definition of addiction has changed so numerous quantify oer the years from when flock believed that addiction was essenti anyy a physiologic adaptation to the aim of a drug in the individualify so that the absence of the drug leads to physiological dysfunction which is manifest to the sufferer as un pleasant or even sober insulation symptoms (West and Hardy, 2006). This definition howeve takes into consideration the predilection that an addiction further has a physiological effect on the body instead than a psychological one. Now, addiction is to be out(a)lined as a syndrome at the centre of which is impaired control over a behaviour, and this loss of control is take to signifi whoremastert harm (West and Hardy, 2006). One of the primary(prenominal) causal agents that the definition has changed so many an(prenominal) times is the incident that addiction is fondly defined rather than having a matter of f dally definition of an object.It has been rig that everyone is addicted to some involvement however, it may non be an il well-grounded substance. It rear end range from anything that is immediately harmful interchangeable drugs to some other substances that run short tr severallyerous in larger quantities. numerous mountain get arrest addicted to things much(prenominal) as exercise, feed and gambling. Although these do not seem to be dangerous, addiction is more(prenominal) of a lifestyle and thitherfore addicts comm altogether yet(prenominal) live to get their near fix. So if done alike often stern become harmful, for example, go downting on also a lot free weight from eating a standoff of food is psychologically damaging as strong as bad for your mental health. Whereas shop and gambling can put you in serious money debt, which in knead may ca employment a excruciation and psychological problems.Although at that place atomic number 18 many different types of addiction this essay is going to look at intoxicantism in recessicular. An inebriantic is defined as a person who has a tolerance for inebriant, they atomic number 18 dependent on intoxicantic drinkic drink, and the evolve withdrawal symptoms when alcohol use is terminated (Bennett and Hollo port, 2005). hostile other substances alcoholics tend to start in demoralise doses and work up to higher. In the UK, the recommended daily intake of alcohol, for men is 21 and women argon 14 units. However, in 2008, it was launch that 50% of men and 30% of women ar regularly alcohol addiction of the sensible drinkable guidelines. Because of this, the Scotch politics has started to make many changes to the way alcohol is sold. This essay will look at the different effectuate that alcohol addiction has on a persons life and what st tellgies the governing professivity have put in to place. umteen researches have taken place to chink whether or not there is a single gene that can squ atomic number 18 collide with whether a person will become dependant on alcohol in their life and without any proof it is silent that there is no genes that can sour this. However, there are countless instruments that govern the prevalence of a person turn an alcoholic from the environment they live in to the choices they make. In recent res earch carried out by the Scottish governance it was imbed that One in 4 women waste alcohol during pregnancy.Foetuses can become dependent on the alcohol that the female parent is drinking throughout the pregnancy. This can as well as mean that the foetus can develop some kind of alcohol associate birth defects, such a malformations, ontogenesis retardation and abnormalities, which have considerable individual variation. The environment that a latester grows up in alike plays a constituent in the way a person views alcohol. If a child grows up with parents who are either alcoholics themselves it is very likely that the child will start drinking at a younger get on so therefore increasing their risk of alcohol dependency in later years.It has been found that male and females react differently to addiction, as women tend to start at lower doses than men, however they are increase their battery-acid at a higher rate than men. This is still the kindred when it comes down t o relations with addiction, women are more like to go and get uphold than men.With lack of choice education in the most strip areas of Scotland many hoi polloi are un put oned. It is these people with no real life prospects that turn to alcohol. With alcohol dependency being more of a lifestyle, an addicts life is very chaotic, only fashioning accredited they have replete money for the alcohol they need. Addiction can also be difficult for family and brotherly life, as addicts are usually futile to look after children or other family member. This can lead to breakdown of families and communities, which can add more violence to an area. The political science have estimated that alcohol deprave cost Scotland 2.25 billion every year. This persona includes all of the social problems that alcohol damage creates. For instance paying for the NHS to treat people who have had accidents while being pick up or domestic abuse cause by alcohol. In the policy the politics aimed t o reduce the alcohol cerebrate infirmary admission by 2011.(Scot Gov, 2011)Scotland is well k presently around the world for the drinking and the whiskey that the country produces. In a get hold of that was carried out by Biggar Economics (Blackett, G. 2013) in 2012, it found that the whisky industry employs a massive 10,284 workers in Scotland and had a overturn of 3,940 one thousand million in 2008. A discipline was carried out to find if Scots jazz a night better if they are drinking alcohol. It showed that 32% of people give tongue to that they found it easier and of the 32%, 42% of them were men. In the UK alone Scotland has the highest mortality rate out of each country. Scotland (26 deaths per 100,000 people) has double the amount of deaths by alcohol than England (13 deaths per 100,000 people). To reduce alcohol related violence the judicature put onward legislation to stop nightclubs from serving their drinks in glasses and serve them in malleable cups instead. T his meant that let people were being hurt from broken glass being thrown. changing Scotlands Relationship with alcoholic beverage A modeling for Action (2009) is a describe on policy from a, well received by the public, discussion paper, Changing Scotlands Relationship with Alcohol, where they proposed different ship canal to reduce alcohol misuse in Scotland. The policy states that alcohol is a large problem than anybody realised withmany factor contributing to it such as, socio-economic, cultural, educational, community- ground, health-related, or relate to individual behaviors and choices (Sturgeon, N. 2009). The master(prenominal) stakeholders of the policy are the Scottish Government, local Governments, health organisations (NHS), individuals and the alcohol trade market. The policy starts by stating the of import reason that the alcohol misuse is becoming such a problem in Scotland, which is the fact that it has become so affordable, it is now 70% more affordable than in 1980 (Sturgeon, N. 2009).The of import aim of the policy is to reduce alcohol consumption by livelihood individuals and communities by improving their own berth towards the ever-growing problem of alcohol misuse. The first thing that the government want to do is dispose off-gross revenue from selling alcohol as a loss leader to bring customers into their enters. The way to enforce this was to introduce a stripped-down value per unit of alcohol. This also meant that shops could no longer advertise alcohol based on price reduction alone. other aim of the policy was to raise the legal age for buying alcohol from off sale to 21. There were mixed votes, with were in favour (Sturgeon, N. 2009). In a sort run of the project in Cupar, Stenhousemuir and Armadale, only running on Friday and Saturday evening, it was found that there was a reduction in anti-social areas in all three area. However, with so many people being against it the Scottish Government have refrained from putti ng this in force. object for action on alcohol problems modify (2007) is policy indite by the Scottish government as an update of the proposal for action on alcohol problems (2002). The main stakeholders of this policy are the Scottish Government, topical anaesthetic Government, the Scottish education system, individuals, health organisations (NHS) and the alcohol trade industry. One of the first aims of the policy is to educate young people around the dangers of alcohol and alcohol misuse. This is in hold that if they educate the young people consequently when they grow up and become the age of legally being able to drunkard that they will have enough knowledge and education to be able to cross it with care and therefore reducing alcohol misuse in the coming(prenominal). The Scottish government have introduced the Alcohol. Dont advertise It campaign, set out to not only educating the young people but everyone of all ages not to abuse alcohol but rather to have it as par t of a healthy, balanced lifestyle. TheScottish Government has put in 13 million over 2005/06 and 2006/07 to support local alcohol treatment, support and prevention activities (Kerr, A. 2007).This shows that they are laborious to tackle local authorities to checker that they have the knowledge and support to be able to educe their alcohol misuse problems themselves. It has been found that the number of liquor licences in Scotland has increased by 23%(Kerr, A. 2007). This is making alcohol more and more reachable meaning that people are able to drink to so much scanty with alcohol being sold in off-licenses, supermarkets, pubs and little local shops. Alcohol-related industries are estimated to employ around 155,000 people (6% of total workplace in Scotland) (Kerr, A. 2007) This means that a lot of peoples livelihood relies on the production and sale of alcohol in Scotland and if sales decrease too much these people lose out. The UK Government receives taxes of 7% of total Custom s and Excise tax revenue (Kerr, A. 2007) from alcohol alone. This means that if the alcohol sales were to go down they would lose out on money however, saying that they would also save the money that they currently croak on the restoring the problems that alcohol misuse cause, such as treating people that have illnesses relating to alcohol.When providing alcohol all premises have to have a license to allow the to do this. The Alcohol Etc. (Scotland) Act 2010 was written by the Scottish Government to suss out that all premises were following the laws and regulations of their license. The main stakeholders in this act are the Scottish Government and the alcohol sales industry. The act outlines the rule and regulations for the sale and pricing of alcohol. The act states that if A package containing two or more alcoholic products (whether of the same or different kinds) may only be sold on the premises at a price equal to or greater than the sum of the prices at which each alcoholic product is for sale on the premises ( anon 2011).This means that if two products are pack remote together that they must be sold for at least the price of the products if they were sold separately if they are also sold separately on the same premises. The act also states that a premise must have a scheme in place to make sure that age verification is being carried. Many place take the Think 25 approach, where they must ask verification of anyone who looks aged 25 or under. This is to checker that young people who look olderthan they are are being checked for identification. This is one way the Scottish Government are trying to reduce the underage drinking in Scotland.Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012 was put into place to ensure that alcohol was not being sold at too much of a reduced price. The reason for this is to stop alcohol being make too accessible, especially to people who are not able to afford the necessities such as food, water and safe shelter. An equation was put in to place to ensure that everyone was complying with the same legislation, it was MPU x S x V x 100 ( anon 2011). MPU is maximal price per unit, S is Strength of the Alcohol and V is the Volume of alcohol.In cobblers last of this essay, alcohol misuse is still a major problem in Scotland to this day but with the leadership of the government and the help of every individual, community and local government then hopefully in the future we can say that Scotland is still as social and hospitable as ever. The only change will be that there is a decrease in the deaths, injuries and social problems cause by alcohol.REFERENCESBennett, T. and Holloway, K. 2005. _Understanding drugs, alcohol and offence_. hymen Open University Press.Drink Aware. 2013. _Alcohol dependance_. online for sale at http//www.drinkaware.co.uk/check-the-facts/health-effects-of-alcohol/mental-health/alcohol-dependence.Unknown. 2003. _Percentages of Past Year Alcohol Dependence or Abuse among Adults Aged 21 or Older, by Age at First Use_. image online easy at http//www.samhsa.gov/ data/2k4/ageDependence/ageDependence.htm.Scot Gov. 2011. _Varying risk of crime proportion of adults who were victims of crime by area deprivation_. image online Available at http//www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2011/10/28142346/5.West, R. and Hardy, A. 2006. _Theory of addiction_. Oxford Blackwell Pub./Addiction Press.Ford, K. Unknown. Understanding of the use of alcohol in pregnancy amongst women in Scotland. print by General demo Office. Available at http//www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/ medico/175356/0066306.pdfKerr, A. 2007. Plan for action on alcohol problems update. promulgated by the Scottish Executive. Available at http//www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/02/19150222/0Sturgeon, N. 2009. Changing Scotlands Relationship with Alcohol A Framework for Action. Published by the Scottish Government. Available at http//www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/262905/0078610.pdfAnon. 2010. Alcohol etc. (Scot land) Act 2010. Published by the Scottish Government. Available at http//www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2010/18/contentsAnon. 2012. Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012. Published by the Scottish Government. Available at http//www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Health/Services/Alcohol/minimum-pricingScot Gov. 2009. Tackling alcohol misuse. Published by the Scottish Government. Available athttp//www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2009/03/02085300Blackett, G. 2013. Contribution of the Scotch whiskey Industry to the Scottish Economy. Published by Biggar Economics. Available at http//reidfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Whisky-and-the-Scottish-Economy-BiGGAR-Economics-Nov12.pdf8